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Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
Diabetes mellitus is a burdensome public health problem. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in diabetes patients. The pathogenesis of DCM is multifactorial and involves metabolic abnormalities, the accumulation of advanced glycation end products, myocardial cell death, oxidative stress, inflammation, microangiopathy, and cardiac fibrosis. Evidence suggests that various types of cardiomyocyte death act simultaneously as terminal pathways in DCM. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of RNA transcripts with lengths greater than 200 nucleotides and no apparent coding potential. Emerging studies have shown the critical role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of DCM, along with the development of molecular biology technologies.
  • 914
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Insulin Structure, Function, and Detection in Biological Fluids
Insulin is a 5808 Da peptide hormone produced and secreted by the pancreas in response to increased levels of glucose in the circulation. It consists of a 21-amino-acid A chain and a 30-amino-acid B chain held together by two disulfide bonds and is responsible for regulating carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism by stimulating the uptake of glucose through insulin receptors found mainly in peripheral muscle, in adipocytes and in hepatocytes.
  • 913
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome
Insulin is the main metabolic regulator of fuel molecules in the diet, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It does so by facilitating glucose influx from the circulation into the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal myocytes. The outcome of which is subjected to glycogenesis in skeletal muscle and lipogenesis in adipose tissue, as well as in the liver. Metabolic syndrome is the congregation of abdominal obesity (visceral obesity), hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia (triglycerides), and low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL). At least three of these criteria must exist for the diagnosis of this syndrome. Insulin resistance is indeed a component of this syndrome. When hyperglycemia falls below the threshold to diagnose diabetes mellitus, the condition is called prediabetes. Insulin resistance, prediabetes, and metabolic syndrome share a spectrum of an overlapping area, thus they are closely related conditions and are milestones of a spectrum of a huge metabolic disorder of energy utilization and storage. Metabolic syndrome is indeed a serious condition in that it is a potential risk factor for ischemic heart diseases and type 2 diabetes (T2D). 
  • 910
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Oral Hygiene and Metabolic Syndrome
Poor oral hygiene is the primary cause of common oral diseases and has been found to be associated with low-grade inflammation, suggesting its potential link to metabolic syndrome (MetS).
  • 909
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Glioblastoma Metabolomics
Glioblastoma (GBM), a grade IV glioma, continues to have one of the highest mortality rates among central nervous system tumors. Metabolomics is a particularly promising tool for the analysis of GBM tumors and potential methods of treating them, as it is the only “omics” approach that is capable of providing a metabolic signature of a tumor’s phenotype.
  • 907
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Xenoestrogens and Phytoestrogens in Cancers
According to Global Cancer Statistics 2020, the burden of cancer incidence and mortality is rapidly growing worldwide. The epidemiological features of cancer reflect both the aging and growth of the population and the changes in the prevalence and distribution of the main cancer risk factors, several of which are particularly associated with the environment. Exogenous estrogens, such as synthetic industrial estrogenic compounds (xenoestrogens) and estrogenic molecules from plants (phytoestrogens), are environmental factors that potentially cause various cancers through their interactions with cellular signaling processes involving estrogen signaling pathways.
  • 905
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Movement as a Positive Modulator
Movement is an important part of self-sufficiency. Moreover, movement has been shown to improve patients’ clinical status.
  • 902
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cancer-Related Inflammation
Both in situ and allograft models of cancer in juvenile and adult Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies offer a powerful means for unravelling cancer gene networks and cancer–host interactions.
  • 892
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Obesity-Associated Cancers
Obesity, one of the major problems in modern human society, is correlated with various diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In particular, epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that obesity is closely linked to at least 13 different types of cancer. The mechanisms that potentially explain the link between obesity and cancer include hyperactivation of the IGF pathway, metabolic dysregulation, dysfunctional angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and interaction between pro-inflammatory cytokines, endocrine hormones, and adipokines. 
  • 885
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
High-Density Lipoprotein Alterations in T2D and Obesity
Alterations affecting high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are one of the various abnormalities observed in dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Kinetic studies have demonstrated that the catabolism of HDL particles is accelerated. Both the size and the lipidome and proteome of HDL particles are significantly modified, which likely contributes to some of the functional defects of HDLs. Studies on cholesterol efflux capacity have yielded heterogeneous results, ranging from a defect to an improvement. HDLs are less able to inhibit the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) proinflammatory pathway, and subsequently, the adhesion of monocytes on endothelium and their recruitment into the subendothelial space. In addition, the antioxidative function of HDL particles is diminished, thus facilitating the deleterious effects of oxidized low-density lipoproteins on vasculature. Lastly, the HDL-induced activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase is less effective in T2DM and metabolic syndrome, contributing to several HDL functional defects, such as an impaired capacity to promote vasodilatation and endothelium repair, and difficulty counteracting the production of reactive oxygen species and inflammation
  • 885
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs Biogenesis and Function
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained growing interest because of their potential role in IR modulation. NcRNAs are variable-length transcripts which are not translated into proteins but are involved in gene expression regulation. Thanks to their stability and easy detection in biological fluids, ncRNAs have been investigated as promising diagnostic and therapeutic markers in metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 
  • 880
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Impact of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress for Type-1-Diabetes
Type-1-diabetes (T1D) is a multifactorial disorder with a global incidence of about 8.4 million individuals in 2021. It is primarily classified as an autoimmune disorder, where the pancreatic β-cells are unable to secrete sufficient insulin. This leads to elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). The development of T1D is an intricate interplay between various risk factors, such as genetic, environmental, and cellular elements. Here, the focus is on cellular elements such as ER stress leading to defects in insulin secretion and β-cell destruction.
  • 878
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies represented by different histological subtypes, primary locations and functional status. NENs range from well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), which are mainly indolent neoplasms, to poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), which are highly aggressive cancers with poor prognosis.
  • 875
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
The Ketogenic Diet
The ketogenic diet (KD) is a therapeutic option for individuals with sarcopenic obesity due to its positive effect on VAT, adipose tissue, cytokines such as blood biochemistry, gut microbiota, and body composition. A KD’s macronutrient profile is composed of 55 to 60% lipids, 30 to 35% protein, and 5 to 10% carbohydrates. This causes nutritional ketosis, in which fatty acids undergo partial beta-oxidation to produce ketone bodies, which are then used as a source of energy. Ketone bodies are used to replace glucose as a source of energy in most tissues throughout time. KD plays a role in treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by lowering hunger and concurrently decreasing carbohydrate consumption, owing to two separate pathways, which include the general reduction of body weight and the modulation of insulin levels.
  • 873
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Pregnancy
Parathyroid disease is uncommon in pregnancy. During pregnancy, multiple changes occur in the calcium regulating hormones which may make the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism more challenging. Close monitoring of serum calcium during pregnancy is necessary in order to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes.
  • 871
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Prevent Sarcopenia in the Aging Process
Sarcopenia is one of the main issues associated with the process of aging. Characterized by muscle mass loss, it is triggered by several conditions, including sedentary habits and negative net protein balance.
  • 868
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic Changes in Radiation-associated IHD
Label-free quantitative proteomics analysis showed that proteins involved in the lipid metabolism, sirtuin signaling, mitochondrial function, cytoskeletal organization, and antioxidant defense were the most affected. A histopathological analysis elucidated large foci of fibrotic tissue, myocardial lipomatosis and lymphocytic infiltrations in the irradiated samples. These data highlight the suitability of FFPE material for proteomics analysis. The study confirms the previous results emphasizing the role of adverse metabolic changes in the radiation-associated IHD. Most importantly, it excludes age at the time of death as a confounding factor. 
  • 867
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in MAFLD
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become an increasingly common diseases in Western countries and has become the major cause of liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in addition to viral hepatitis in recent decades. Furthermore, studies have shown that NAFLD is inextricably linked to the development of extrahepatic diseases. In 2020, NAFLD was renamed metabolic dysfunction fatty liver disease (MAFLD) to show that its pathogenesis is closely related to metabolic disorders. And the interaction between mitochondrial dys-function and the liver–gut axis has also become a new point during the development of MAFLD.
  • 866
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Animal Model of Obesity Zucker Fatty Rats
Laboratory Zucker Fatty (ZF) rats are used in human disease studies as a model of obesity with accompanying hyperlipidemia and hypertension. While this model is most widely used in studies on genetic obesity, ZF rats are also used in studies on MetS and non-insulin-dependent obesity-related diabetes. ZF rats are characterized by a recessive mutation in the leptin receptor gene (called “fa”), which leads to polyphagia, with the consequent development of obesity at around four weeks of age. The causes of obesity in ZF rats also include hypertrophy and adipocyte hyperplasia, which are linked to their genetic predisposition. Other conditions observed in ZF rats include hyperinsulinemia and impaired glucose tolerance, which do not lead to overt diabetes.
  • 865
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Adipokines in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the major cause of chronic hepatic illness and the leading indication for liver transplantation in the future decades. NAFLD is also commonly associated with other high-incident non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular complications, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Aggravating the socio-economic impact of this complex pathology, routinely feasible diagnostic methodologies and effective drugs for NAFLD management are unavailable. The pathophysiology of NAFLD, defined as metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is correlated with abnormal adipose tissue–liver axis communication because obesity-associated white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation and metabolic dysfunction prompt hepatic insulin resistance (IR), lipid accumulation (steatosis), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and fibrosis. Accumulating evidence links adipokines, cytokine-like hormones secreted by adipose tissue that have immunometabolic activity, with NAFLD pathogenesis and progression.
  • 864
  • 16 Sep 2022
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