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Topic Review
Traumatic Brain Injury and Secondary Neurodegenerative Disease
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating event with severe long-term complications. TBI and its sequelae are one of the leading causes of death and disability in those under 50 years old. It is clear that neurotrauma can incite chronic neurodegenerative processes. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Parkinson’s disease, and many other neurodegenerative syndromes have all been associated with a history of traumatic brain injury. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress, NAD+ in ASL
ALS, often referred to as “Lou Gehrig’s disease”, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that damages motor neurons (MNs) in the brain and the spinal cord. This loss of MNs is responsible for progressive weakness and paralysis. There is mounting evidence involving oxidative stress as a main pathophysiological mechanism leading to MN damage and death. Conceptually, oxidative stress is an imbalance of oxygen-derived free radicals and antioxidants in the body, which can lead to cell and organ damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contain an uneven number of electrons and, at high non-physiological levels, can cause oxidative damages to nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. Moreover, the generation of NO and H2O2 (induced by proinflammatory cytokines in e.g., endothelial cells) can lead to the formation of highly damaging –OONO radicals. On the other hand, NAD+ is involved in cell bioenergetics, redox regulation, signaling, homeostasis, adaptive response to stress, and survival. Specifically, different NAD+-dependent enzymes are implicated in mechanisms regulating synaptic plasticity and neuronal resilience to stress.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Respiratory Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain disease that is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly. In addition to dementia, which is the loss of cognitive function, including thinking, remembering, and reasoning, and behavioral abilities, AD patients also experience respiratory disturbances. The most common respiratory problems observed in AD patients are pneumonia, shortness of breath, respiratory muscle weakness, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The latter is considered an outcome of Alzheimer’s disease and is suggested to be a causative factor.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sympathetic Activation after Myocardial Infarction
Myocardial infarction often leads to progressive structural and electrophysiologic remodeling of the left ventricle. Histological and functional studies have demonstrated extensive alterations of sympathetic nerve endings at the peri-infarct area and flow-innervation mismatches that create a highly arrhythmogenic milieu.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Sleep-Related Dissociative States
Sleep is not only a whole-brain process but also a complex local phenomenon controlled by specific neurotransmitters that act in different neural networks, which is called “local sleep”. Moreover, the basic states of human consciousness - wakefulness, sleep onset (N1), light sleep (N2), deep sleep (N3), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep - can concurrently appear, which may result in different sleep-related dissociative states.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Amyloid Beta (Aβ) Formation
One of the prime suspects in AD pathology, β-amyloid is a major component of amyloid senile plaques derived from the proteolytic action of proteases such as β-secretase and γ-secretase on amyloid-β precursor protein (APP).
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Histone Methylation in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Advances achieved with molecular biology and genomics technologies have permitted investigators to discover epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications, which are critical for gene expression in almost all tissues and in brain health and disease. These advances have influenced much interest in understanding the dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms in neurodegenerative disorders. Although these disorders diverge in their fundamental causes and pathophysiology, several involve the dysregulation of histone methylation-mediated gene expression. Interestingly, epigenetic remodeling via histone methylation in specific brain regions has been suggested to play a critical function in the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders, including that related to neurodegenerative diseases. Prominently, epigenetic dysregulation currently brings considerable interest as an essential player in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and drugs of abuse, including alcohol abuse disorder, where it may facilitate connections between genetic and environmental risk factors or directly influence disease-specific pathological factors.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Flavonoids Synergistically Enhance Anti-Glioblastoma Effects of Chemotherapeutic Drugs
Flavonoids are polyphenolic plant secondary metabolites with pleiotropic biological properties, including anti-cancer activities. These natural compounds have potential utility in glioblastoma (GBM), a malignant central nervous system tumor derived from astrocytes. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Homocysteine
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing amino acid generated during methionine metabolism, accumulation of which may be caused by genetic defects or the deficit of vitamin B12 and folate.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
REM Sleep, Sleep Fuctions and Sleep Quality
The correct phase relationship of the sleep period with the circadian pacemaker is an important factor to guarantee adequate restorative sleep duration and sleep continuity, thus providing the necessary background for a good night’s sleep. Due to the fact that REM sleep is controlled by the circadian clock, it can provide a window-like mechanism that defines the termination of the sleep period when there is still the necessity to complete the sleep processes  and to meet the circadian end of sleep timing. An adequate amount of REM sleep appears necessary to guarantee sleep continuity, while periodically activating the brain and preparing it for the return to consciousness.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in AD
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Histopathologically, AD presents with two hallmarks: neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and aggregates of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) both in the brain parenchyma as neuritic plaques, and around blood vessels as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). According to the vascular hypothesis of AD, vascular risk factors can result in dysregulation of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and hypoxia.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Neuronal Autophagy in Ageing
Autophagy plays critical roles in development, maintenance and survival of distinct cell populations including neurons. 
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
1q21.1 CNV in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
The 1q21.1 CNVs, rare and large chromosomal microduplications and microdeletions, are detected in many patients with NDs. Phenotypes of duplication and deletion appear at the two ends of the spectrum. Microdeletions are predominant in individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ) and microcephaly, whereas microduplications are predominant in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and macrocephaly.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Glial Scar in Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex tissue injury resulting in permanent and degenerating damage to the central nervous system (CNS). Detrimental cellular processes occur after SCI, including axonal degeneration, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, reactive gliosis, and scar formation. The glial scar border forms to segregate the neural lesion and isolate spreading inflammation, reactive oxygen species, and excitotoxicity at the injury epicenter to preserve surrounding healthy tissue. The scar border is a physicochemical barrier composed of elongated astrocytes, fibroblasts, and microglia secreting chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, collogen, and the dense extra-cellular matrix.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Anticancer Activity of Cannabidiol (CBD)
As the major nonpsychotropic constituent of Cannabis sativa, cannabidiol (CBD) is regarded as one of the most promising therapeutic agents due to its proven effectiveness in clinical trials for many human diseases. Due to the urgent need for more efficient pharmacological treatments for several chronic diseases, in this review, we discuss the potential beneficial effects of CBD for Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and neurological cancers. Due to its wide range of pharmacological activities (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties), CBD is considered a multimodal drug for the treatment of a range of neurodegenerative disorders, and various cancer types, including neoplasms of the neural system.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ligands of the Gi Protein-Coupled Adenosine A3 Receptor
Ligands of the Gi protein-coupled adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) are receiving increasing interest as attractive therapeutic tools for the treatment of a number of pathological conditions of the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS, respectively). Their safe pharmacological profiles emerging from clinical trials on different pathologies (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and fatty liver diseases) confer a realistic translational potential to these compounds, thus encouraging the investigation of highly selective agonists and antagonists of A3R. 
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
AhR in the Hallmarks of Brain Aging
AhR, a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-PAS superfamily, performs various functions within the brain. It is an ancient protein that possesses shared functions and structures across various species in the evolutionary tree. It is widely distributed in various regions of the brain, such as the hippocampus, the cortex, and the hypothalamus, and its expression changes during the course of brain development.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Neuropeptides in Depression and Anxiety
Behavioral disorders, such as anxiety and depression, are prevalent globally and touch children and adults on a regular basis. Therefore, it is critical to comprehend how these disorders are affected. It has been demonstrated that neuropeptides can influence behavior, emotional reactions, and behavioral disorders.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Types of Learning and Memory in Zebrafish
Cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thinking, learning, memorizing and sensing. Zebrafish display different learning abilities, such as associative, non-associative, social (shoaling) and motor learning. In social learning, a group of zebrafish learned faster than a single individual. In motor learning, zebrafish adapted locomotor commands to execute accurate movements that relied on sensory feedback 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
TDP-43 Pathobiology Informed Biomarker Development
TDP-43 belongs to a family of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP). Structurally, TDP-43 consists of a structured N-terminal domain (NTD) involved in physiological self-oligomerization, followed by two tandem RNA-recognition motifs (RRM), which bind to certain nuclear transcripts and therefore regulate important DNA/RNA metabolism functions.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 May 2023
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