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Topic Review
Aducanumab for Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Aducanumab is a human monoclonal antibody that works to reduce Aβ load in the brain; it is the first disease-modifying therapy to be approved for AD treatment. Current AD treatment is centered on supportive care to manage the debilitating symptoms of dementia, and pharmacotherapy goals of mainstay classes of drugs, such as cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, do not modify the course of the disease. A substantial proportion of patients with Alzheimer’s disease live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and the debilitating effects of this disease exerts burdens on patients and caregivers in addition to the significant economic strains many nations bear.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Homocysteine
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing amino acid generated during methionine metabolism, accumulation of which may be caused by genetic defects or the deficit of vitamin B12 and folate.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Alpha-Synuclein
Alpha-Synuclein (α-syn) has strong connection with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is considered the most common disorder of synucleinopathy, which is characterised by intracellular inclusions of aggregated and misfolded α-syn protein in various brain regions, and the loss of dopaminergic neurons. During the early prodromal phase of PD, synaptic alterations happen before cell death, which is linked to the synaptic accumulation of toxic α-syn specifically in the presynaptic terminals, affecting neurotransmitter release. The oligomers and protofibrils of α-syn are the most toxic species, and their overexpression impairs the distribution and activation of synaptic proteins, such as the SNARE complex, preventing neurotransmitter exocytosis and neuronal synaptic communication. In the last few years, the role of the immune system in PD has been increasingly considered. Microglial and astrocyte activation, the gene expression of proinflammatory factors, and the infiltration of immune cells from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS) represent the main features of the inflammatory response. One of the actors of these processes is α-syn accumulation.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress, NAD+ in ASL
ALS, often referred to as “Lou Gehrig’s disease”, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that damages motor neurons (MNs) in the brain and the spinal cord. This loss of MNs is responsible for progressive weakness and paralysis. There is mounting evidence involving oxidative stress as a main pathophysiological mechanism leading to MN damage and death. Conceptually, oxidative stress is an imbalance of oxygen-derived free radicals and antioxidants in the body, which can lead to cell and organ damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contain an uneven number of electrons and, at high non-physiological levels, can cause oxidative damages to nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. Moreover, the generation of NO and H2O2 (induced by proinflammatory cytokines in e.g., endothelial cells) can lead to the formation of highly damaging –OONO radicals. On the other hand, NAD+ is involved in cell bioenergetics, redox regulation, signaling, homeostasis, adaptive response to stress, and survival. Specifically, different NAD+-dependent enzymes are implicated in mechanisms regulating synaptic plasticity and neuronal resilience to stress.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Neuroprotection and Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation
Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) techniques, such as transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and repetitive Magnetic Transcranial Stimulation (rTMS), are well-known non-pharmacological approaches to improve both motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Their use is of particular interest especially for the treatment of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), as well as axial disturbances in Parkinson’s (PD), where conventional pharmacological therapies show very mild and short-lasting effects. However, their ability to interfere with disease progression over time is not well understood; recent evidence suggests that NIBS may have a neuroprotective effect, thus slowing disease progression and modulating the aggregation state of pathological proteins. 
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Alzheimer’s Disease and Tau Self-Assembly
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, apathy, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Two main pathological hallmarks have been described: neurofibrillary tangles, consisting of tau oligomers (hyperphosphorylated tau) and Aβ plaques. The influence of protein kinases and phosphatases on the hyperphosphorylation of tau is already known. Hyperphosphorylated tau undergoes conformational changes that promote its self-assembly. 
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Types of Learning and Memory in Zebrafish
Cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thinking, learning, memorizing and sensing. Zebrafish display different learning abilities, such as associative, non-associative, social (shoaling) and motor learning. In social learning, a group of zebrafish learned faster than a single individual. In motor learning, zebrafish adapted locomotor commands to execute accurate movements that relied on sensory feedback 
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Brain Functional Correlates of Resting Hypnosis and Hypnotizability
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and structural MRI investigations offer complementary insights into the distinctive frontal functioning associated with high hypnotizability. Studies indicate that individuals with high hypnotizability display more pronounced reductions in activation of the medial prefrontal or dorsal anterior cingulate cortex following neutral hypnotic induction than their low hypnotizable ones. Moreover, research has disclosed that induction-specific reductions in the activation of the Default Mode Network (DMN) regions correspond to spontaneous changes in cognitive and perceptual states, and the state of attentional absorption during a hypnotic induction has been associated with reduced DMN activity and increased prefrontal attentional system activity.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
AhR in the Hallmarks of Brain Aging
AhR, a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-PAS superfamily, performs various functions within the brain. It is an ancient protein that possesses shared functions and structures across various species in the evolutionary tree. It is widely distributed in various regions of the brain, such as the hippocampus, the cortex, and the hypothalamus, and its expression changes during the course of brain development.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Traumatic Brain Injury and Secondary Neurodegenerative Disease
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating event with severe long-term complications. TBI and its sequelae are one of the leading causes of death and disability in those under 50 years old. It is clear that neurotrauma can incite chronic neurodegenerative processes. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Parkinson’s disease, and many other neurodegenerative syndromes have all been associated with a history of traumatic brain injury. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Histone Methylation in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Advances achieved with molecular biology and genomics technologies have permitted investigators to discover epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications, which are critical for gene expression in almost all tissues and in brain health and disease. These advances have influenced much interest in understanding the dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms in neurodegenerative disorders. Although these disorders diverge in their fundamental causes and pathophysiology, several involve the dysregulation of histone methylation-mediated gene expression. Interestingly, epigenetic remodeling via histone methylation in specific brain regions has been suggested to play a critical function in the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders, including that related to neurodegenerative diseases. Prominently, epigenetic dysregulation currently brings considerable interest as an essential player in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and drugs of abuse, including alcohol abuse disorder, where it may facilitate connections between genetic and environmental risk factors or directly influence disease-specific pathological factors.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
TDP-43 Pathobiology Informed Biomarker Development
TDP-43 belongs to a family of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP). Structurally, TDP-43 consists of a structured N-terminal domain (NTD) involved in physiological self-oligomerization, followed by two tandem RNA-recognition motifs (RRM), which bind to certain nuclear transcripts and therefore regulate important DNA/RNA metabolism functions.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Bioflavonoids for Targeting Gut Microbiome in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is known as a neurodegenerative disease caused by the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and tau protein hyperphosphorylation resulting in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, activation of inflammasomes, sluggish autophagy, and neuronal loss. Several of these hallmarks are linked to alteration in the gut microbiome, also known as gut dysbiosis. Selective bioflavonoids can target gut microbiome to inhibit inflammasomes and resume autophagy to stop AD pathogenesis. Two bioflavonoids, specifically epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and genistein (GS), appear to be a new paradigm of treatment for maintaining healthy gut microbiome in AD via modulating crucial AD signaling pathways.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sympathetic Activation after Myocardial Infarction
Myocardial infarction often leads to progressive structural and electrophysiologic remodeling of the left ventricle. Histological and functional studies have demonstrated extensive alterations of sympathetic nerve endings at the peri-infarct area and flow-innervation mismatches that create a highly arrhythmogenic milieu.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ligands of the Gi Protein-Coupled Adenosine A3 Receptor
Ligands of the Gi protein-coupled adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) are receiving increasing interest as attractive therapeutic tools for the treatment of a number of pathological conditions of the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS, respectively). Their safe pharmacological profiles emerging from clinical trials on different pathologies (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and fatty liver diseases) confer a realistic translational potential to these compounds, thus encouraging the investigation of highly selective agonists and antagonists of A3R. 
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in AD
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Histopathologically, AD presents with two hallmarks: neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and aggregates of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) both in the brain parenchyma as neuritic plaques, and around blood vessels as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). According to the vascular hypothesis of AD, vascular risk factors can result in dysregulation of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and hypoxia.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Neuronal Autophagy in Ageing
Autophagy plays critical roles in development, maintenance and survival of distinct cell populations including neurons. 
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Flavonoids Synergistically Enhance Anti-Glioblastoma Effects of Chemotherapeutic Drugs
Flavonoids are polyphenolic plant secondary metabolites with pleiotropic biological properties, including anti-cancer activities. These natural compounds have potential utility in glioblastoma (GBM), a malignant central nervous system tumor derived from astrocytes. 
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Neuropeptides in Depression and Anxiety
Behavioral disorders, such as anxiety and depression, are prevalent globally and touch children and adults on a regular basis. Therefore, it is critical to comprehend how these disorders are affected. It has been demonstrated that neuropeptides can influence behavior, emotional reactions, and behavioral disorders.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Protein Aggregation in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Here we summarize the heterogeneity of structures that are produced from intrinsically disordered protein domains and highlight the routes that lead to the formation of physiological liquid droplets as well as pathogenic aggregates. The most common proteins found in aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases and their structural variability will be addressed.We will further evaluate the clinical relevance and future applications of the study of the structural heterogeneity of protein aggregates, which may aid the understanding of the phenotypic diversity observed in neurodegenerative disorders.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Jun 2021
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