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Topic Review
High PD-L1 Expression and RET Fusion
Pembrolizumab is widely used in first-line treatment in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with high PD-L1 expression. The activity of pembrolizumab in NSCLC patients with rare molecular alterations is poorly characterised. RET gene rearrangements are identified in 1–2% of lung cancer patients.
  • 563
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Potential Nanotechnology-Based Therapeutics with TME Cell
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer with a high risk of metastasis and therapeutic resistance. These issues are closely linked to the tumour microenvironment (TME) surrounding the tumour tissue. The association between residing TME components with tumour progression, survival, and metastasis has been well elucidated. Focusing on cancer cells alone is no longer considered a viable approach to therapy; thus, there is a high demand for TME targeting. The benefit of using nanoparticles is their preferential tumour accumulation and their ability to target TME components. Several nano-based platforms have been investigated to mitigate microenvironment-induced angiogenesis, therapeutic resistance, and tumour progression. These have been achieved by targeting mesenchymal originating cells (e.g., cancer-associated fibroblasts, adipocytes, and stem cells), haematological cells (e.g., tumour-associated macrophages, dendritic cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells), and the extracellular matrix within the TME that displays functional and architectural support.
  • 563
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Evolution of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Nodal Staging
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNcSCC) is one of the commonest malignancies. When patients present with regional metastatic disease, treatment escalation results in considerable morbidity and survival is markedly reduced. The goal of cancer staging is to group patients according to cancer characteristics for which survival differs between groups (distinctiveness), consistently decreases with increasing stage (monotonicity), and is similar within a group (homogeneity). Despite implementing major changes based on published data, the latest edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging manual fails to satisfy these fundamental requirements. 
  • 562
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Inflammasomes and Colorectal Cancer
Inflammasomes are important intracellular multiprotein signaling complexes that modulate the activation of caspase-1 and induce levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 in response to pathogenic microorganisms and molecules that originated from host proteins. Inflammasomes play contradictory roles in the development of inflammation-induced cancers. Based on several findings, inflammasomes can initiate and promote carcinogenesis. On the contrary, inflammasomes also exhibit anticancer effects by triggering pyroptosis and immunoregulatory functions. 
  • 562
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Rationale of Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Treatment
Peritoneal metastases (PM) are observed in approximately 8% of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer, either synchronously or metachronously during follow-up. PM often manifests as the sole site of metastasis. PM is associated with a poor prognosis and typically shows resistance to systemic chemotherapy. Consequently, there has been a search for alternative treatment strategies. For intraperitoneal (IP) therapy to exhibit promise, it either needed to be combined with the removal of larger tumor nodules during cytoreductive surgery or administered as repeated intermittent treatments over an extended duration to affect macroscopic tumor nodules. Cytoreductive surgery, with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) treatment as an adjunct, emerged as a solution for the former situation.
  • 562
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Adjuvant Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Breast Cancer
The role of postmastectomy radiotherapy and regional nodal irradiation after radical mastectomy is defined in high-risk patients with locally advanced tumors, positive margins, and unfavorable biology. The benefit of postmastectomy radiotherapy in intermediate-risk patients (T3N0 tumors) remains a matter of controversy. It has been demonstrated that radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery lowers the locoregional recurrence rate compared with surgery alone and improves the overall survival rate. In patients with four or more positive lymph nodes or extracapsular extension, regional lymph node irradiation is indicated regardless of the surgery type (breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy). Despite the consensus that patients with more than three positive lymph nodes should be treated with radiotherapy, there is controversy regarding the recommendations for patients with one to three involved lymph nodes. In patients with N0 disease with negative findings on axillary surgery, there is a trend to administer regional lymph node irradiation in patients with a high risk of recurrence. In patients treated with neoadjuvant systemic therapy and mastectomy, adjuvant radiotherapy should be administered in cases of clinical stage III and/or ≥ypN1. In patients treated with neoadjuvant systemic therapy and breast-conserving surgery, postoperative radiotherapy is indicated irrespective of pathological response.
  • 562
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Challenge of Comparing Upfront Versus Deferred HDM-ASCT
The standards of care for the initial treatment of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) who are eligible for high-dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDM-ASCT) include highly active triplet and quadruplet regimens based on proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and monoclonal antibodies. These regimens are resulting in improved outcomes and increasingly high rates of minimal residual disease (MRD)-negative responses without HDM-ASCT as part of the upfront therapy. 
  • 561
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Glutamine, a Versatile Precursor for Biosynthesis and Bioenergetics
Glutamine, one of the most abundant amino acids in the body, plays diverse roles in cellular metabolism, ranging from bioenergetics to the synthesis of nucleotides, glutathione (GSH), and various other non-essential amino acids.
  • 560
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
GSK-3β in Pancreatic Cancer
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta is a protein kinase implicated in the promotion and development of various cancers, including pancreatic cancer. In cell culture and animal studies, drugs targeting the inhibition of this protein show treatment potential in pancreatic cancer. Studies show targeting this protein for treatment may overcome resistance to conventional chemotherapy in pancreatic tumors. Early-stage clinical trials are currently studying small molecule inhibitors targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and interim results show favorable results. Recent studies also suggest that targeting this protein will create synergy with immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors. 
  • 559
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Current Treatment Options in Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the most common tumor in men. Although there have been many new developments in the last few years, metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer remains a deadly disease.
  • 559
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Radiotherapy-Based Treatment for Operable Breast Cancer
For breast cancer patients who do not wish to undergo any form of surgery, various non-surgical treatments have been investigated. Radiotherapy is considered the most important modality, but conventional radiotherapy alone or concurrent chemoradiotherapy do not lead to high local control rates. So, to increase curability, radiosensitization strategies, including the use of hydrogen peroxide injection before radiation and hyperthermia plus oral tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil potassium (S-1), have been investigated. These strategies have yielded promising outcomes, with local control rates of ~97%.
  • 559
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Serological Biomarkers in Metastatic Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and the most common form of cancer in women. A large proportion of patients begin with localized disease and undergo treatment with curative intent, while another large proportion of patients debuts with disseminated metastatic disease. In the last subgroup of patients, the prognosis in recent years has changed radically, given the existence of different targeted therapies thanks to the discovery of different biomarkers. Serological, histological, and genetic biomarkers have demonstrated their usefulness in the initial diagnosis, in the follow-up to detect relapses, to guide targeted treatment, and to stratify the prognosis of the most aggressive tumors in those with breast cancer. Molecular markers are currently the basis for the diagnosis of metastatic disease, given the wide variety of chemotherapy regions and existing therapies.
  • 559
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
LncRNA Dysregulation in Glioblastoma
Transcription occurs across more than 70% of the human genome and more than half of currently annotated genes produce functional noncoding RNAs. Of these transcripts, the majority—long, noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)—are greater than 200 nucleotides in length and are necessary for various roles in the cell. It is increasingly appreciated that these lncRNAs are relevant in both health and disease states, with the brain expressing the largest number of lncRNAs compared to other organs.
  • 558
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
HuR in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is set to become the most lethal and common type of cancer worldwide. This is partly attributed to the mutational burden that affects core signaling pathways and the crosstalk of tumor cells with their surrounding microenvironment, but it is also due to modern eating habits. Hyperadiposity along with the constant rise in metabolic syndrome’s incidence contribute to a state of metaflammation that impacts immune cells and causes them to shift towards an immunosuppressive phenotype that, ultimately, allows tumor cells to evade immune control.
  • 558
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
HOPX in Tumor Suppression
Homeobox (HOX) genes are master regulators of morphogenesis and differentiation by acting at the top of genetic hierarchies and their deregulation is associated with a wide range of human diseases. They usually contain a highly conserved sequence that codes for the homeodomain of the protein, a specialized motif with three α helices and an N-terminal arm that aids in DNA binding. However, one homeodomain protein, homeodomain-only protein (HOPX), is unique among its family members in that it lacks the capacity to bind DNA and instead functions by interacting with transcriptional regulators. HOPX plays crucial roles in organogenesis and is expressed in both embryonic and adult stem cells. Notably, HOPX functions primarily as a tumor suppressor gene.
  • 558
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Interleukin-1Beta Signalin in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Targeted therapies for solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), have advanced significantly, offering tailored treatment options for patients. However, individuals without targetable mutations pose a clinical challenge, as they may not respond to standard treatments like immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and novel targeted therapies; further, there is an unmet need to identify prognostic biomarkers of response to treatment. Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) have emerged as a key area of focus and hold significant potential implications for future clinical practice. Combinatorial approaches of IL-1β inhibitors and ICIs may provide a potential therapeutic modality for NSCLC patients without targetable mutations and offer insight into the continued search for prognostic biomarkers.
  • 558
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Malignancy
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains an understudied and significant global cancer killer and dismal survival rates have not changed in decades. A better understanding of the molecular basis of OSCC progression and metastasis is needed to develop new approaches for treating this disease. The supportive network surrounding cancer tumor cells known as the tumor microenvironment (TME) has gained increasing interest lately since it performs essential protumorigenic functions. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the main cell types in the TME and are known to play a key role in influencing the biological behavior of tumors.
  • 558
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Physical Forces in Glioblastoma Migration
The invasive capabilities of glioblastoma (GBM) define the cancer’s aggressiveness, treatment resistance, and overall mortality. The tumor microenvironment influences the molecular behavior of cells, both epigenetically and genetically. Current forces being studied include properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as stiffness and “sensing” capabilities. There is currently limited data on the physical forces in GBM—both relating to how they influence their environment and how their environment influences them.
  • 557
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Early Onset Colorectal Cancer Epidemiology
Early onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) is defined as CRC diagnosed in individuals younger than 50, which is generally considered the ideal age to start screening programs in the average-risk population. Although the overall incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is declining, the number of new diagnoses in patients younger than 50 is alarmingly increasing.
  • 557
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Poly Adenosine Diphosphate-Ribose Polymerase for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
The integrity and stability of DNA in breast epithelial tissues are key factors in breast homeostasis. However, carcinogenesis is mostly initiated by DNA damage which is an ongoing process resulting from both endogenous (errors in replication) and exogenous (environmental) assaults to the human genome. Usually, cell repair mechanisms ensure that cells with damaged DNA undergo either repair or apoptosis. Therefore, inhibition of these processes can lead to a buildup of damaged DNA in cells, resulting in apoptosis or senescence of the tumor cells. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have been closely examined as one of the most exciting and promising “targeted” therapeutic strategies to treat advanced TNBC by preventing cancer cells from repairing themselves. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that 10–20% of total patients diagnosed with TNBC have a mutation in breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA)1 or (BRCA)2. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes that are associated with a hereditary predisposition to developing female breast cancer, but their pivotal role in the DNA damage response makes cancer cells harboring such mutations more sensitive to drugs eliciting DNA damage or interfering with DNA repair, such as PARP inhibitors.
  • 557
  • 23 Nov 2023
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