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Topic Review
Transvaginal Ultrasound Accuracy in the Hydrosalpinx Diagnosis
Hydrosalpinx is a condition with a crucial prognostic role in reproduction, and its diagnosis by a non-invasive technique such as ultrasound is key in achieving an adequate reproductive assessment while avoiding unnecessary laparoscopies. 
  • 1.3K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Green Husks of Persian Walnut
Green husks are the outer layer of walnut fruits. They form part of the agro-residues discarded away upon nut maturity in the walnut industry. A total of 83 individual phenolic compounds were identified in walnut husks, mainly consisting of naphthoquinones, flavonols, and hydroxycinnamic acids.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Extractions and Processing of Biologically Active Compounds
Some functional foods contain biologically active compounds (BAC) that can be derived from various biological sources (fruits, vegetables, medicinal plants, wastes, and by-products). Global food markets demand foods from plant materials that are “safe”, “fresh”, “natural”, and with “nutritional value” while processed in sustainable ways. Functional foods commonly incorporate some plant extract(s) rich with BACs produced by conventional extraction. This approach implies negative thermal influences on extraction yield and quality with a large expenditure of organic solvents and energy. On the other hand, sustainable extractions, such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), high-pressure assisted extraction (HPAE), high voltage electric discharges assisted extraction (HVED), pulsed electric fields assisted extraction (PEF), supercritical fluids extraction (SFE), and others are aligned with the “green” concepts and able to provide raw materials on industrial scale with optimal expenditure of energy and chemicals. 
  • 1.3K
  • 13 May 2024
Topic Review
Male Fertility and Sperm Lipid
Sperm plasma membrane lipids are essential for the function and integrity of mammalian spermatozoa. Various lipid types are involved in each key step within the fertilization process in their own yet coordinated way. For instance, loss of asymmetric transbilayer distribution and the substantial loss of cholesterol and phospholipid occur during capacitation and acrosome reaction (AR). The balance between lipid metabolism is tightly regulated to ensure physiological cellular processes, especially referring to crucial steps such as sperm motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction or fusion. At the same time, it has been shown that male reproductive function depends on the homeostasis of sperm lipids.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Neuropsychological Insights into Coping Strategies
Coping strategies, the cognitive and behavioral responses to stress, were first systematically described by Lazarus and Folkman. Early psychoanalytic work established the foundation for this concept, which was later refined by empirical studies by theorists such as Pearlin and others. Lazarus articulated coping as a dynamic transaction involving cognitive, behavioral, and emotional adjustments to stress. Folkman extended this by introducing meaning-focused coping to complement the problem- and emotion-focused paradigms.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Plant Isoflavones Daidzein
Isoflavones (including daidzein, the glycoside forms of daidzein, and glycitein, the methoxylated form of daidzein) are bioactive compounds that are present in significant quantities in legumes, soybeans, green beans, and mung beans.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Allergen Immunotherapy
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the sole disease-modifying treatment for allergic rhinitis; it prevents rhinitis from progressing to asthma and lowers medication use. AIT against mites, insect venom, and certain kinds of pollen is effective. The mechanism of action of AIT is based on inducing immunological tolerance characterized by increased IL-10, TGF-β, and IgG4 levels and Treg cell counts. However, AIT requires prolonged schemes of administration and is sometimes associated with adverse reactions. Over the last decade, novel forms of AIT have been developed, focused on better allergen identification, structural modifications to preserve epitopes for B or T cells, post-traductional alteration through chemical processes, and the addition of adjuvants. These modified allergens induce clinical-immunological effects similar to those mentioned above, increasing the tolerance to other related allergens but with fewer side effects. Clinical studies have shown that molecular AIT is efficient in treating grass and birch allergies. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Phenolic Compounds
Phenolic compounds are phytochemicals such as flavonoids which consist of flavonols, flavones, flavanonols, flavanones, anthocyanidins, isoflavones, lignans, stilbenoids, curcuminoids, phenolic acids, and tannins. They have phenolic hydroxyl groups in their molecular structures. These compounds are present in most plants, are abundant in nature, and contribute to the bitterness and color of various foods. Dietary phenolic compounds, such as quercetin in onions and sesamin in sesame, exhibit antioxidant activity and help prevent cell aging and diseases. In addition, other kinds of compounds, such as tannins, have larger molecular weights, and many unexplained aspects still exist. The antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds may be beneficial for human health. 
  • 1.3K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Ion Channel Disturbances in Migraine Headache
Migraine is a primary headache disorder, which is an enormous burden to the healthcare system. While some aspects of the pathomechanism of migraines remain unknown, the most accepted theory is that activation and sensitization of the trigeminovascular system are essential during migraine attacks. It has been suggested that ion channels may be important participants in the pathogenesis of migraine. Numerous ion channels are expressed in the peripheral and central nervous systems, including the trigeminovascular system, affecting neuron excitability, synaptic energy homeostasis, inflammatory signaling, and pain sensation. Dysfunction of ion channels could result in neuronal excitability and peripheral or central sensitization.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Facial Information for Healthcare Applications
The document is not limited to global face analysis but it also concentrates on methods related to local cues (e.g. the eyes). A research taxonomy is introduced by dividing the face in its main features: eyes, mouth, muscles, skin, and shape. For each facial feature, the computer vision-based tasks aiming at analyzing it and the related healthcare goals that could be pursued are detailed.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Spinal Sarcopenia
Spinal sarcopenia is a complex and multifactorial disorder associated with loss of strength, increased frailty, and increased risk of fractures and falls. In addition, spinal sarcopenia has been associated with lumbar spine disorders and osteoporosis, which renders making decisions on treatment modalities difficult. Patients with spinal sarcopenia typically exhibit lower cumulative survival, a higher risk of in-hospital complications, prolonged hospital stays, higher postoperative costs, and higher rates of blood transfusion after thoracolumbar spine surgery. Several studies have focused on the relationships between spinal sarcopenia, appendicular muscle mass, and bone-related problems—such as osteoporotic fractures and low bone mineral density—and malnutrition and vitamin D deficiency. Although several techniques are available for measuring sarcopenia, each of them has its advantages and shortcomings. For treating spinal sarcopenia, nutrition, physical therapy, and medication have been proven to be effective; regenerative therapeutic options seem to be promising owing to their repair and regeneration potential. Therefore, in this narrative review, we summarize the characteristics, detection methodologies, and treatment options for spinal sarcopenia, as well as its role in spinal disorders.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Monitoring Lower-Limb Strength
Lower-limb strength is a marker of functional decline in elders. The present entry describes different technological approaches for older people to measure their lower-limb strength in the community. The first section holds an explanation of functional decline, the frailty syndrome and their relationship to lower-limb strength. The second section holds a description of wearable technologies based on Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) for lower-limb strength monitoring. Finally, the third section holds a description of the main challenges concerning portable ultrasound-based sensors for lower-limb strength monitoring.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
COVID-19 Pandemic Prediction
Several epidemiological models are being used around the world to project the number of infected individuals and the mortality rates of the COVID-19 outbreak. Advancing accurate prediction models is of utmost importance to take proper actions. Due to the lack of essential data and uncertainty, the epidemiological models have been challenged regarding the delivery of higher accuracy for long-term prediction. As an alternative to the susceptible-infected-resistant (SIR)-based models, this study proposes a hybrid machine learning approach to predict the COVID-19, and we exemplify its potential using data from Hungary. The hybrid machine learning methods of adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and multi-layered perceptron-imperialist competitive algorithm (MLP-ICA) are proposed to predict time series of infected individuals and mortality rate. The models predict that by late May, the outbreak and the total morality will drop substantially. The validation is performed for 9 days with promising results, which confirms the model accuracy. It is expected that the model maintains its accuracy as long as no significant interruption occurs. This paper provides an initial benchmarking to demonstrate the potential of machine learning for future research.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Miller-Dieker Syndrome
Miller-Dieker syndrome is a condition characterized by a pattern of abnormal brain development known as lissencephaly.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Cell-Signaling
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, a class I viral fusion protein, is critical to initiating the interactions between the virus and the host cell surface receptor, facilitating viral entry into the host cell by assisting in the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Human host cells also sensitively respond to the spike protein to elicit cell signaling.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Human Sirtuins
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent histone deacetylases that in-corporate complex functions in the mechanisms of cell physiology. Mammals have seven distinct members of the SIRT family (SIRT1-7), which play an important role in a well-maintained net-work of metabolic pathways that control and adapt the cell to the environment, energy availabil-ity and cellular stress. Until recently, very few studies investigated the role of SIRTs in modulating viral infection and progeny. Recent studies have demonstrated that SIRT1 and SIRT2 are promis-ing antiviral targets because of their specific connection to numerous metabolic and regulatory processes affected during infection.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Plant Programmed cell death
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically controlled suicide process present in all living beings with the scope of eliminating cells unnecessary or detrimental for the proper develop-ment of the organism. In plants, PCD plays a pivotal role in many developmental processes such as sex determination, senescence, and aerenchyma formation and is involved in the defense re-sponses against abiotic and biotic stresses. 
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Civil Aviation Occurrences
The nature of a civil aviation occurrence may be defined in three different categories while considering its severity. General categories include civil aviation accidents, serious incidents and incidents.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Oligothiophene-Naphthalimide Hybrids Synthetic Approaches
Different variables were tuned in a series of organic semiconductors synthesized in the group of José L. Segura, such as the planarity and the length of their π-conjugated backbones, the topology and energy levels of the frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) and their molecular dipole moments. Studies carried out in the group of Rocío Ponce-Ortiz show that the tuning of these properties can be connected with the microstructure properties observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) in thin films as well as with the performances in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs).
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Photochemical Internalization
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a further development of photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this report, we describe PCI as a potential tool for cellular internalization of chemotherapeutic agents or antigens and systematically review the ongoing research. One Phase-I clinical trial has been conducted, and it demonstrated that PCI-mediated bleomycin treatment was safe and identified tolerable doses of the photosensitizer disulfonated tetraphenyl chlorin (TPCS2a). Likewise, PCI was pre-clinically shown to mediate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen presentation and generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T-lymphocytes (CTL) and cancer remission. A first clinical Phase I trial with the photosensitizer TPCS2a combined with human papilloma virus antigen (HPV) was recently completed and results are expected in 2020. Hence, photosensitizers and light can be used to mediate cytosolic delivery of endocytosed chemotherapeutics or antigens. While the therapeutic potential in cancer has been clearly demonstrated pre-clinically, further clinical trials are needed to reveal the true translational potential of PCI in humans.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Jun 2021
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