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Topic Review
Clinical Applications of Targeting Exosomes
Breast cancer metastasis is a complicated process involving multiple physiological changes, and lung, brain, bone and liver are the main metastatic targets. Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles that contain secreted cellular constitutes. The biogenesis and functions of exosomes in cancer have been intensively studied, and mounting studies have indicated that exosomes play a crucial role in cancer metastasis. 
  • 697
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative and Nitrative Modifications of DNA
Infection and chronic inflammation have been recognized as important factors in carcinogenesis. Under inflammatory conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated from inflammatory and epithelial cells, and result in the formation of oxidative and nitrative DNA lesions, such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-nitroguanine. Cellular DNA is continuously exposed to a very high level of genotoxic stress caused by physical, chemical, and biological agents, with an estimated 10,000 modifications occurring every hour in the genetic material of each of our cells. 
  • 697
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Head and Neck Tumor Microenvironment
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are aggressive diseases with a dismal patient prognosis. Despite significant advances in treatment modalities, the five-year survival rate in patients with HNSCC has improved marginally and therefore warrants a comprehensive understanding of the HNSCC biology. Alterations in the cellular and non-cellular components of the HNSCC tumor micro-environment (TME) play a critical role in regulating many hallmarks of cancer development including evasion of apoptosis, activation of invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, response to therapy, immune escape mechanisms, deregulation of energetics, and therefore the development of an overall aggressive HNSCC phenotype. Cytokines and chemokines are small secretory proteins produced by neoplastic or stromal cells, controlling complex and dynamic cell–cell interactions in the TME to regulate many cancer hallmarks. 
  • 696
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Ngn3-Positive Cell Detection from Duct
The production of pancreatic β cells is the most challenging step for curing diabetes using next-generation treatments. Adult pancreatic endocrine cells are thought to be maintained by the self-duplication of differentiated cells, and pancreatic endocrine neogenesis can only be observed when the tissue is severely damaged. Experimentally, this can be performed using a method named partial duct ligation (PDL). We performed PDL on neurogenin3 (Ngn3)-GFP transgenic mice to determine the origin of endocrine precursor cells and evaluate their potential to differentiate into multiple cell types. Ngn3-expressing cells, which were marked with GFP, appeared after PDL operation. Because some GFP-positive cells were found proximally to the duct, we hypothesized that Ngn3-positive cells arise from the pancreatic duct. Therefore, we next developed an in vitro pancreatic duct culture system using Ngn3-GFP mice and examined whether Ngn3-positive cells emerge from this duct. Our results demonstrate that in adult mice, Ngn3-positive endocrine precursor cells arise from the pancreatic ducts both in vivo and in vitro experiments indicating that the pancreatic duct could be a potential donor for therapeutic use.
  • 696
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Aptamer Technology for Direct Detection of Lyme Borrelia
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi s.l.), which is predominantly spread by ticks, is the cause of Lyme disease (LD), also known as Lyme borreliosis, one of the zoonotic diseases affecting people. LD has become more prevalent worldwide, even in countries with no prior records. The aptamer is an advanced technology with the potential for Borrelia antigen detection. Notably, combining the latest technology with the aptamer could enhance test sensitivity and detection limits and reduce the time required to complete the assay. Furthermore, the test can function alone or complement the conventional serological test practiced in most laboratories. In summary, a fast and convenient assay may facilitate the diagnosis of the fever-like symptom possibly caused by Lyme Borrelia infection.
  • 696
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
C. elegans DMD Mutants
The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has been used extensively to enhance our understanding of the human neuromuscular disorder Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).
  • 695
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Calcineurin B-like Proteins in Plants under Salt Stress
Salinity stands as a significant environmental stressor, severely impacting crop productivity. Plants exposed to salt stress undergo physiological alterations that influence their growth and development. Meanwhile, plants have also evolved mechanisms to endure the detrimental effects of salinity-induced salt stress. Within plants, Calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins act as vital Ca2+ sensors, binding to Ca2+ and subsequently transmitting signals to downstream response pathways. CBLs engage with CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs), forming complexes that regulate a multitude of plant growth and developmental processes, notably ion homeostasis in response to salinity conditions.
  • 695
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Ophiobolins in Aspergillus ustus 094102
Ophiobolins are a group of sesterterpenoids with a 5-8-5 tricyclic skeleton. They exhibit a significant cytotoxicity and present potential medicinal prospects. 
  • 695
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
EVOO’s Flavor
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is one of the most distinctive ingredients of the Mediterranean diet. EVOO can be defined as the oil obtained from the fruit of the olive tree (Olea europaea), using exclusively mechanical or physical procedures. To obtain an EVOO, olives cannot be treated with other procedures than washing, decanting, centrifugation, and filtration, thus excluding oils obtained with solvents or by re-esterification or oil mixing procedures.
  • 694
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Influence of DDP Chemotherapy on miRNA Expression
Platinum-based chemotherapy, cisplatin (DDP) specifically, is the main strategy for treating lung cancer (LC). However, there is a lack of predictive drug-resistance markers, and there is increased interest in the development of a reliable and sensitive panel of markers for DDP chemotherapy-effectiveness prediction. MicroRNAs represent a perspective pool of markers for chemotherapy effectiveness.
  • 694
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Structure of Leucine-Rich-Repeat Kinase 2
Mutations in the multidomain protein Leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been identified as a genetic risk factor for both sporadic and familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). LRRK2 has two enzymatic domains: a RocCOR tandem with GTPase activity and a kinase domain. In addition, LRRK2 has three N-terminal domains: ARM (Armadillo repeat), ANK (Ankyrin repeat), and LRR (Leucine-rich-repeat), and a C-terminal WD40 domain, all of which are involved in mediating protein–protein interactions (PPIs) and regulation of the LRRK2 catalytic core.
  • 694
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
FXR in Renal Physiology and Kidney Diseases
Farnesoid X receptor, also known as the bile acid receptor, belongs to the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-regulated transcription factors, which performs its functions by regulating the transcription of target genes. FXR is highly expressed in the liver, small intestine, kidney and adrenal gland, maintaining homeostasis of bile acid, glucose and lipids by regulating a diverse array of target genes. It also participates in several pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, immune responses and fibrosis. The kidney is a key organ that manages water and solute homeostasis for the whole body, and kidney injury or dysfunction is associated with high morbidity and mortality.
  • 694
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress-Induced Hypertension of Developmental Origins
Hypertension remains the leading cause of disease burden worldwide. Hypertension can originate in the early stages of life. A growing body of evidence suggests that oxidative stress, which is characterized as a reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nitric oxide (NO) disequilibrium, has a pivotal role in the hypertension of developmental origins. Results from animal studies support the idea that early-life oxidative stress causes developmental programming in prime blood pressure (BP)-controlled organs such as the brain, kidneys, heart, and blood vessels, leading to hypertension in adult offspring. Conversely, perinatal use of antioxidants can counteract oxidative stress and therefore lower BP. 
  • 693
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Tree Responses to Climatic Changes
Forest trees are complex perennial organisms that are adapted to the local environment as a result of prevailing climate conditions in population history. Because they lead a sedentary lifestyle, plants are exposed to various environmental stimuli, such as changes which can lead to the rapid adjustment or failure of their defence mechanisms. As forests play a crucial role in environmental homeostasis and are the source of many products, it is crucial to estimate the position of forest trees’ plasticity mechanisms in the face of climate change. Fast epigenetic adjustment is the basis for surviving climate fluctuations, however, the question is whether this mechanism will also be efficient if climate fluctuations increase. Epigenetic modifications enable rapid reactions to the inducing stimulus by establishing chromatin patterns and manipulating gene expression without affecting the DNA itself.
  • 693
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
mtDNA in Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a precursor to the major health diseases associated with high mortality in industrialized countries: cardiovascular disease and diabetes. An important component of the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome is mitochondrial dysfunction. The mitochondrial AAA + protease Lon (Lonp1) has a broad spectrum of activities. In addition to its classical function (degradation of misfolded or damaged proteins), enzymatic activity (proteolysis, chaperone activity, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) binding) has been demonstrated. 
  • 693
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 5
Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5) is an anti-inflammatory adipocytokine member of the SFRP family that is an antagonist of the WNT (wingless-MMTV integration site) family member 5a (WNT5A), a ligand of WNT pathway. There are two types of WNT signaling pathways: canonical and noncanonical, but SFRP5 is implicated only in the last one. The noncanonical pathway is activated by WNT ligands that bind to the frizzled receptors, followed by the phosphorylation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) that triggers proinflammatory and proliferative processes. The SFRP5/WNT5A-mediated noncanonical pathways are associated with the pathogenesis of many inflammation-related diseases. However, SFRP5 has a controversial role in liver disease.
  • 692
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Candidate Genes/Proteomic Biomarkers of MOH
Chronic headache is a topical problem of neurology, psychiatry and general practice. The medication-overuse headache (MOH) is one of the leading pathologies in the structure of chronic headache. The serum and urine proteomic biomarkers of MOH can potentially help with the identification of patients with MOH development. 
  • 692
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Neuroinflammation in Retinitis Pigmentosa
The retina is a multilayer neuronal tissue located in the back of the eye that transduces the environmental light into a neural impulse. Many eye diseases caused by endogenous or exogenous harm lead to retina degeneration with neuroinflammation being a major hallmark of these pathologies.
  • 692
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
DCR based on SCLs
Ophthalmic drug delivery has always been a challenge for ophthalmologists and scientists from a variety of disciplines. It is estimated that the bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs is uncertain and is about 5% or less. This is a consequence of anatomical and physiological barriers, including tear drainage and epithelial transport limitations. Unique static and dynamic eye barriers exclude the penetration of xenobiotics and discourage the active absorption of therapeutic agents. Designing an ideal delivery regimen should involve increased bioavailability and controlled drug release at the target tissue, overcoming the ocular barriers.Eye medications administered in the conventional form of eye drops or ointments are often characterised by low bioavailability. In addition, they require repeated daily administration, which, combined with low patient compliance, causes doses to be avoided or administered incorrectly, contrary to therapeutic recommendations. Attempts to increase the bioavailability of ophthalmic medicines by using various modern solutions such as viscous solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, gels, polymer inserts, and colloidal systems are still unsatisfactorily challenging in pharmaceutical research. Hence, the use of contact lenses as drug delivery systems has been increasingly explored in recent years.The main objectives for the development of DCR (drug-controlled release) based on SCLs (soft contact lenses) are:to increase the drug delivery efficiency;to improve patient compliance and reduce undesirable systemic side effects, especially in chronic diseases such as glaucoma and dry eye;to enhance SCLs tolerance, particularly in patients affected by dry eye syndrome and ocular allergies;to design “bandage contact lenses” modified with antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory agents for managing corneal wound healing.
  • 691
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
LincRNAs and snoRNAs in Breast Cancer Metastasis
LncRNAs are defined as RNAs whose transcript length exceeds 200 nucleotides and is not translated into proteins. They are transcribed by RNA polymerase II and although they can be categorized based on their length, function, location, and mechanism of action, so far there are no standard guidelines for this classification. According to their position in the genome in relation to protein-coding genes, they are categorized as (i) sense, which are transcribed in the same direction as that of the protein-coding gene, (ii) antisense, which are transcribed in a direction opposite to that of the protein-coding gene, (iii) bidirectional, which are transcribed in both directions, (iv) intronic, that are transcribed from introns found within protein-coding genes, (v) intergenic (lincRNAs), that are transcribed between two protein-coding genes, and (vi) enhancer lncRNAs. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are 60–300 nucleotides in length and as the name suggests, are mainly found in the nucleolus where they function as guide RNAs for the post-transcriptional modification of ribosomal RNAs and some spliceosomal RNAs. 
  • 691
  • 30 Sep 2022
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