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Topic Review
Head and Neck Tumor Microenvironment
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are aggressive diseases with a dismal patient prognosis. Despite significant advances in treatment modalities, the five-year survival rate in patients with HNSCC has improved marginally and therefore warrants a comprehensive understanding of the HNSCC biology. Alterations in the cellular and non-cellular components of the HNSCC tumor micro-environment (TME) play a critical role in regulating many hallmarks of cancer development including evasion of apoptosis, activation of invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, response to therapy, immune escape mechanisms, deregulation of energetics, and therefore the development of an overall aggressive HNSCC phenotype. Cytokines and chemokines are small secretory proteins produced by neoplastic or stromal cells, controlling complex and dynamic cell–cell interactions in the TME to regulate many cancer hallmarks. 
  • 674
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
HDL Subpopulations in Renal Disease
Dyslipidemia is a major traditional risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, although the altered lipid profile does not explain the number and severity of CVD events. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a heterogeneous (size, composition, and functionality) population of particles with different atherogenic or atheroprotective properties. Further studies are warranted to clarify if different HDL subpopulations present different atheroprotective effects.
  • 674
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Ngn3-Positive Cell Detection from Duct
The production of pancreatic β cells is the most challenging step for curing diabetes using next-generation treatments. Adult pancreatic endocrine cells are thought to be maintained by the self-duplication of differentiated cells, and pancreatic endocrine neogenesis can only be observed when the tissue is severely damaged. Experimentally, this can be performed using a method named partial duct ligation (PDL). We performed PDL on neurogenin3 (Ngn3)-GFP transgenic mice to determine the origin of endocrine precursor cells and evaluate their potential to differentiate into multiple cell types. Ngn3-expressing cells, which were marked with GFP, appeared after PDL operation. Because some GFP-positive cells were found proximally to the duct, we hypothesized that Ngn3-positive cells arise from the pancreatic duct. Therefore, we next developed an in vitro pancreatic duct culture system using Ngn3-GFP mice and examined whether Ngn3-positive cells emerge from this duct. Our results demonstrate that in adult mice, Ngn3-positive endocrine precursor cells arise from the pancreatic ducts both in vivo and in vitro experiments indicating that the pancreatic duct could be a potential donor for therapeutic use.
  • 674
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Control Strategies against Spodoptera frugiperda.
frugiperdastrains with 18- and 28-fold resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides compared with susceptible strains. This situation has allowed the insect to increase its population density, causing insecticide resistance to compounds such as DDT, cyclodiene organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids, generating the need for new molecules with potential activity.
  • 674
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Receptor-Mediated Nutrient Sensing in Metabolism
Nutrients are essential organic substances, and how they are distinguished in the stomach is pivotal for stabilizing the body’s nutritional and energy requirements. Diverse gene expressions are elicited after food perception by their respective receptors. Nutritional signalling is a broad term that refers to various cell signalling pathways influenced by nutrient availability. Signalling cascades are activated when nutrient levels change, modulating essential cellular activities including metabolism, proliferation, secretion, and autophagy.
  • 674
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Papua New Guinea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance (NG AMR) has been one of the most urgent threats to sexual health globally. NG can develop resistance in two main ways: through plasmid-mediated resistance (PMR), and, to a greater extent, through chromosomally mediated resistance (CMR), with the latter bolstered by frequent genetic material exchange with commensal Neisseria species. NG AMR surveillance remains critical in informing treatment; unfortunately, this is often lacking in settings with limited resources, such as Papua New Guinea (PNG). 
  • 673
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
IL-6 Cytokine Family in Breast Cancer
The IL-6 cytokine family is a group of signaling molecules with wide expression and function across vertebrates.  Each member of the family signals by binding to its specific receptor and at least one molecule of gp130, which is the common transmembrane receptor subunit for the whole group. Signal transduction upon stimulation of the receptor complex results in the activation of multiple downstream cascades, among which, in mammary cells, the JAK-STAT3 pathway plays a central role. The role of the IL-6 cytokine family—specifically IL-6 itself, LIF, OSM, and IL-11—as relevant players during breast cancer progression was summarized. The evidence indicating that this group of soluble factors may be used for early and more precise breast cancer diagnosis and to design targeted therapy to treat or even prevent metastasis development,particularly to the bone. Expression profiles and possible therapeutic use of their specific receptors in the different breast cancer subtypes are also described. In addition, participation of these cytokines in pathologies of the breast linked to lactation and involution of the gland, as post-partum breast cancer and mastitis, is discussed.
  • 673
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Fbxo4
Fbxo4, also known as Fbx4, belongs to the F-box protein family with a conserved F-box domain. Fbxo4 can form a complex with S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 and Cullin1 to perform its biological functions. 
  • 673
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
RNA Technologies to Fight Human Pathogens
A long scientific journey has led to prominent technological advances in the RNA field, and several new types of molecules have been discovered, from non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) to riboswitches, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and CRISPR systems. Such findings, together with the recognition of the advantages of RNA in terms of its functional performance, have attracted the attention of synthetic biologists to create potent RNA-based tools for biotechnological and medical applications.
  • 673
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
ABA-Mediated Regulation of Cd-Responsive Genes in Plants
Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that has no biological function and can persist in organisms for a long time (biological half-life: 10–30 years). Cadmium exposure can cause metabolic disorders in plant leaves, leading to excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2, further causing oxidative stress, cell death, and even plant death. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a sesquiterpene phytohormone that plays important roles in plant growth and development, e.g., in inducing dormancy in buds and seeds, causing stomatal closure, and promoting abscission of flowers and fruits.
  • 673
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Immunity and Inflammation
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are a diverse set of molecules with remarkable contributions to human physiology. They not only serve as sources of fuel but also cellular structural components as well as substrates that provide bioactive metabolites. A growing body of evidence demonstrates their role in inflammation. Inflammation in the presence of a polymicrobial biofilm contributes to the pathology of periodontitis. The role PUFAs in modulating immuno-inflammatory reactions in periodontitis is only beginning to be uncovered as research continues to unravel their far-reaching immunologic implications.
  • 672
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Salivary Metabolomics in Neurodegenerative Dementia Diagnosis and Monitoring
Spectroscopic methods (NMR, MS) give us a broad view of changes in salivary metabolites in neurodegenerative diseases and deepen the knowledge of the systemic communication between the oral cavity and the brain. Further studies with larger patient cohorts should be carried out to investigate the association between salivary metabolites and brain function and thus learn more about the complicated pathways in the human body. 
  • 672
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Role of Enhancer-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation in Precision Biology
The emergence of precision biology has been driven by the development of advanced technologies and techniques in high-resolution biological research systems. Enhancer-mediated transcriptional regulation, a complex network of gene expression and regulation in eukaryotes, has attracted significant attention as a promising avenue for investigating the underlying mechanisms of biological processes and diseases. To address biological problems with precision, large amounts of data, functional information, and research on the mechanisms of action of biological molecules is required to address biological problems with precision. Enhancers, including typical enhancers and super enhancers, play a crucial role in gene expression and regulation within this network. The identification and targeting of disease-associated enhancers hold the potential to advance precision medicine.
  • 672
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Regulatory Roles of PPARs
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of transcription factors implicated in wide-ranging cellular functions, including lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses and cell proliferation and differentiation.
  • 671
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Signaling Pathways of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive disease with high mortality and unclear etiology. Previous evidence supports that the origin of this disease is associated with epigenetic alterations, age, and environmental factors. IPF initiates with chronic epithelial lung injuries, followed by basal membrane destruction, which promotes the activation of myofibroblasts and excessive synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Due to miRNAs’ role as regulators of apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and cell-cell interaction processes, some studies have involved miRNAs in the biogenesis and progression of IPF.
  • 670
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The HIF-Dependent Transcriptional Response
The Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) plays a major role in the cellular response to hypoxia by regulating the expression of many genes involved in adaptive processes that allow cell survival under low oxygen conditions. Adaptation to the hypoxic tumor micro-environment is also critical for cancer cell proliferation and therefore HIF-1 is also considered a valid therapeutical target. Despite the huge progress in understanding regulation of HIF-1 expression and activity by oxygen levels or oncogenic pathways, the way HIF-1 interacts with chromatin and the transcriptional machinery in order to activate its target genes is still a matter of intense investigation.
  • 668
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Fibrinolytic System in Alzheimer’s Disease
The fibrinolytic system plays a crucial role in maintaining vascular integrity and regulating blood clot formation by lysing fibrin clots in both healthy and disease conditions. In addition to hemostasis, the fibrinolytic system also plays crucial roles in wound healing, tissue remodeling, and inflammation. This system is composed of various proteins, including plasminogen, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA).
  • 668
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
miRNAs as Biomarkers in Disease
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of small, non-coding RNAs with the main roles of regulating mRNA through its degradation and adjusting protein levels. In recent years, extraordinary progress has been made in terms of identifying the origin and exact functions of miRNA, focusing on their potential use in both the research and the clinical field. 
  • 668
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Treatments for Topical Infected Wounds
Different strategies involving biopolymers, blends, nanotools, and immobilizing systems have been studied against infected wounds. Lipids of animal, mineral, and mainly vegetable origin have been used in the development of topical biocompatible formulations, since their healing, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties are interesting for wound healing. Vegetable oils, polymeric films, lipid nanoparticles, and lipid-based drug delivery systems have been reported as promising approaches in managing skin wounds. Carbohydrate-based formulations as blends, hydrogels, and nanocomposites, have also been reported as promising healing, antimicrobial, and modulatory agents for wound management.
  • 667
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
FXR in Renal Physiology and Kidney Diseases
Farnesoid X receptor, also known as the bile acid receptor, belongs to the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-regulated transcription factors, which performs its functions by regulating the transcription of target genes. FXR is highly expressed in the liver, small intestine, kidney and adrenal gland, maintaining homeostasis of bile acid, glucose and lipids by regulating a diverse array of target genes. It also participates in several pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, immune responses and fibrosis. The kidney is a key organ that manages water and solute homeostasis for the whole body, and kidney injury or dysfunction is associated with high morbidity and mortality.
  • 667
  • 25 Apr 2023
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