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Topic Review
Gut Microbiota in Breast Cancer and Drug Resistance
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. The cause of cancer is multifactorial. An early diagnosis and the appropriate treatment of cancer can improve the chances of survival. Recent studies have shown that breast cancer is influenced by the microbiota. Different microbial signatures have been identified in the breast microbiota, which have different patterns depending on the stage and biological subgroups. The human digestive system contains approximately 100 trillion bacteria. The gut microbiota is an emerging field of research that is associated with specific biological processes in many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, brain disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.
  • 707
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Immunity and Inflammation
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are a diverse set of molecules with remarkable contributions to human physiology. They not only serve as sources of fuel but also cellular structural components as well as substrates that provide bioactive metabolites. A growing body of evidence demonstrates their role in inflammation. Inflammation in the presence of a polymicrobial biofilm contributes to the pathology of periodontitis. The role PUFAs in modulating immuno-inflammatory reactions in periodontitis is only beginning to be uncovered as research continues to unravel their far-reaching immunologic implications.
  • 707
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Nuclear Phosphoinositides as Key Determinants of Nuclear Functions
Polyphosphoinositides (PPIns) are signalling messengers representing less than five per cent of the total phospholipid concentration within the cell. Despite their low concentration, these lipids are critical regulators of various cellular processes, including cell cycle, differentiation, gene transcription, apoptosis and motility. PPIns are generated by the phosphorylation of the inositol head group of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). Different pools of PPIns are found at distinct subcellular compartments, which are regulated by an array of kinases, phosphatases and phospholipases. Six of the seven PPIns species have been found in the nucleus, including the nuclear envelope, the nucleoplasm and the nucleolus. The identification and characterisation of PPIns interactor and effector proteins in the nucleus have led to increasing interest in the role of PPIns in nuclear signalling. However, the regulation and functions of PPIns in the nucleus are complex and are still being elucidated.
  • 707
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Microsampling Applications Monitoring Lipids and Metabolites
Due to its numerous advantages, microsampling technology has become widely utilized in blood collection and storage across various fields. There has been a notable increase in studies combining microsampling with mass spectrometry techniques, with mass spectrometry being the preferred analytical tool for measuring lipids and metabolites. The synergy of microsampling with mass spectrometry brings forth several benefits, including minimal sample requirements, the ability to analyze multiple analytes simultaneously, and high sensitivity and specificity. Microsampling can be carried out by the patient without requiring trained personnel. This feature simplifies remote sampling, enhancing accessibility for individuals in remote areas and eliminating unnecessary, and in some cases, risky hospital visits for elderly individuals. 
  • 707
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen responsible for a variety of community and hospital infections. Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) constitute a major threat for public health and are strongly associated with high rates of mortality, especially in immunocompromised and critically ill patients. Adhesive fimbriae, capsule, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and siderophores or iron carriers constitute the main virulence factors which contribute to the pathogenicity of K. pneumoniae.
  • 706
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Progranulin Binding Proteins
Progranulin is a pleiotropic growth factor with important physiological roles in embryogenesis and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. Progranulin pleiotropic action depends on its modular structure and its ability to interact with a broad range of molecules, including extracellular soluble proteins, components of the extracellular matrix, membrane proteins and proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi/lysosome network. 
  • 706
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Differential Intracellular Protein Distribution in Cancer and Cells
It is well-established that cancer and normal cells can be differentiated based on the altered sequence and expression of specific proteins. There are only a few examples, showing that cancer and normal cells can be differentiated based on the altered distribution of proteins within intracellular compartments. there are available data on shifts in the intracellular distribution of two proteins, the membrane associated beta-catenin and the actin-binding protein CapG. Both proteins show altered distributions in cancer cells compared to normal cells. These changes are noted (i) in steady state and thus can be visualized by immunohistochemistry—beta-catenin shifts from the plasma membrane to the cell nucleus in cancer cells; and (ii) in the dynamic distribution that can only be revealed using the tools of quantitative live cell microscopy—CapG shuttles faster into the cell nucleus of cancer cells. Both proteins may play a role as prognosticators in gynecologic malignancies: beta-catenin in endometrial cancer and CapG in breast and ovarian cancer. Thus, both proteins may serve as examples of altered intracellular protein distribution in cancer and normal cells.
  • 705
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Actions of Insulin Expressed in the CNS
The expression of insulin receptors (IR) in the central nervous system (CNS) was first documented almost half a century ago. It is now known that both short (IR-A) and long (IR-B) isoform of this receptor is expressed in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum, the brain regions also associated with the production of insulin. In regard to the IR expression at the cellular level, it was shown that, unlike neurons that only express IR-A, astrocytes express both IR-A and IR-B. Ever since the transport of insulin across the BBB and the expression of functional IR in the CNS was documented, attempts have been made to learn more about the effects of insulin on the brain. In line with that, numerous actions of insulin in the CNS have been described so far. It has been known that insulin takes part in controlling food intake and body weight. In addition to that, insulin actions are also essential for proper neuronal development and survival, cognition, brain cholesterol synthesis, hepatic glucose production, lipolysis and lipogenesis, and even reproductive competence. Moreover, it was also shown that impairment in insulin signaling could trigger depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. Although new roles of insulin keep emerging, it is still mainly unknown which of them can be attributed to brain-derived and which to pancreatic insulin, or whether their actions in the CNS overlap and to what extent.
  • 705
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Epidemiology—TNBC Risk in T2DM Patients
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is usually the most malignant and aggressive mammary epithelial tumor characterized by the lack of expression for estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors, and the absence of epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2 amplification. Corresponding to 15–20% of all breast cancers and well-known by its poor clinical outcome, this negative receptor expression deprives TNBC from targeted therapy and makes its management therapeutically challenging. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common ageing metabolic disorder due to insulin deficiency or resistance resulting in hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. Due to metabolic and hormonal imbalances, there are many interplays between both chronic disorders leading to increased risk of breast cancer, especially TNBC, diagnosed in T2DM patients.
  • 705
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Statins in Atherosclerosis
Despite increased public health awareness, atherosclerosis remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Significant variations in response to statin treatment have been noted among different populations suggesting that the efficacy of statins may be altered by both genetic and environmental factors. The existing literature suggests that certain long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) might be up- or downregulated among patients with atherosclerosis. LncRNA may act on multiple levels (cholesterol homeostasis, vascular inflammation, and plaque destabilization) and exert atheroprotective or atherogenic effects.
  • 704
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
RNA X-ray Crystallography
Approaches for crystallization of RNA and how they are used in practice.
  • 704
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
suPAR in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases
The soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is the bioactive form of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), a membrane-bound glycoprotein, and it is primarily expressed on the surface of immunologically active cells. Mirroring local inflammation and immune activation, suPAR has gained interest as a potential prognostic biomarker in several inflammatory diseases. Mirroring immune system activation, suPAR has been associated with many autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
  • 704
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
HDL Subpopulations in Renal Disease
Dyslipidemia is a major traditional risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, although the altered lipid profile does not explain the number and severity of CVD events. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a heterogeneous (size, composition, and functionality) population of particles with different atherogenic or atheroprotective properties. Further studies are warranted to clarify if different HDL subpopulations present different atheroprotective effects.
  • 703
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Physiology/Pathology of T-Cell Intracellular Antigen 1-Like Protein
T-cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA1)-related/like (TIAR/TIAL1) protein is a multifunctional RNA-binding protein (RBP) involved in regulating many aspects of gene expression, independently or in combination with its paralog TIA1. TIAR was first described in 1992 by Paul Anderson’s lab in relation to the development of a cell death phenotype in immune system cells, as it possesses nucleolytic activity against cytotoxic lymphocyte target cells. Similar to TIA1, it is characterized by a subcellular nucleo-cytoplasmic localization and ubiquitous expression in the cells of different tissues of higher organisms.
  • 703
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Treatments for Topical Infected Wounds
Different strategies involving biopolymers, blends, nanotools, and immobilizing systems have been studied against infected wounds. Lipids of animal, mineral, and mainly vegetable origin have been used in the development of topical biocompatible formulations, since their healing, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties are interesting for wound healing. Vegetable oils, polymeric films, lipid nanoparticles, and lipid-based drug delivery systems have been reported as promising approaches in managing skin wounds. Carbohydrate-based formulations as blends, hydrogels, and nanocomposites, have also been reported as promising healing, antimicrobial, and modulatory agents for wound management.
  • 702
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Fibrinolytic System in Alzheimer’s Disease
The fibrinolytic system plays a crucial role in maintaining vascular integrity and regulating blood clot formation by lysing fibrin clots in both healthy and disease conditions. In addition to hemostasis, the fibrinolytic system also plays crucial roles in wound healing, tissue remodeling, and inflammation. This system is composed of various proteins, including plasminogen, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA).
  • 702
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Head and Neck Tumor Microenvironment
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are aggressive diseases with a dismal patient prognosis. Despite significant advances in treatment modalities, the five-year survival rate in patients with HNSCC has improved marginally and therefore warrants a comprehensive understanding of the HNSCC biology. Alterations in the cellular and non-cellular components of the HNSCC tumor micro-environment (TME) play a critical role in regulating many hallmarks of cancer development including evasion of apoptosis, activation of invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, response to therapy, immune escape mechanisms, deregulation of energetics, and therefore the development of an overall aggressive HNSCC phenotype. Cytokines and chemokines are small secretory proteins produced by neoplastic or stromal cells, controlling complex and dynamic cell–cell interactions in the TME to regulate many cancer hallmarks. 
  • 702
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Innate Immunity in Disease and Adaptation to Stress
Since first being documented in ancient times, the relation of inflammation with injury and disease has evolved in complexity and causality. Early observations supported a cause (injury) and effect (inflammation) relationship, but the number of pathologies linked to chronic inflammation suggests that inflammation itself acts as a potent promoter of injury and disease. Additionally, results from studies over the last decades point to chronic inflammation and innate immune signaling as a critical link between stress (exogenous and endogenous) and adaptation.
  • 701
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Role of Mint3 in Inflammatory Response Cancer
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in cells adapting to a low-oxygen environment by facilitating a switch from oxygen-dependent ATP production to glycolysis. Mediated by membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) expression, Munc-18-1 interacting protein 3 (Mint3) binds to the factor inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH-1) and inhibits its suppressive effect, leading to HIF-1α activation. Defects in Mint3 generally lead to improved acute inflammation, which is regulated by HIF-1α and subsequent glycolysis, as well as the suppression of the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells directly through its expression in cancer cells and indirectly through its expression in macrophages or fibroblasts associated with cancer. Mint3 in inflammatory monocytes enhances the chemotaxis into metastatic sites and the production of vascular endothelial growth factors, which leads to the expression of E-selectin at the metastatic sites and the extravasation of cancer cells. Fibroblasts express L1 cell adhesion molecules in a Mint3-dependent manner and enhance integrin-mediated cancer progression. In pancreatic cancer cells, Mint3 directly promotes cancer progression. Naphthofluorescein, a Mint3 inhibitor, can disrupt the interaction between FIH-1 and Mint3 and potently suppress Mint3-mediated inflammation, cancer progression, and metastasis without causing marked adverse effects. 
  • 701
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
FLO11p
Flo11p may be taken as a model for understanding cell–cell and cell–surface adhesion mechanisms that are exploited by pathogenic yeasts to adhere to abiotic surfaces such as catheters and gain access to the internal organs of patients or to serve as a reservoir of drug-resistant infectious cells in the form of biofilms.
  • 701
  • 29 Mar 2022
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