Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Invasive Species in Marine Protected Areas of Turkey
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are one of the most effective conservation tools in the management of marine ecosystem alterations around the world, by maintaining natural ecological processes, increasing ecosystem resilience, preserving genetic diversity, ensuring the sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems, restoring the biomass and structure of species assemblages, and providing socio-economic benefits. The majority of Mediterranean MPAs are at a high risk of invasion and their boundaries offer almost no protection from many high-impact invasive species.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Zero Energy Buildings Concept-Definition Review for Latin America
In recent decades, European countries have developed concepts, definitions, and construction technologies for Zero Energy Building (ZEB) that are effective and correspond to their specific climates. Latin American countries are still trying to find adequate solutions which respond to the local climatic, cultural, social, technical, and economic context. As such, this paper aims to establish the basis of the minimum energy efficiency and the renewable threshold for the definition of ZEB in order to better understand the application in Panama, based on assessing the energy regulations implemented in Panama. To achieve this aim, a review concentrated on the concept-definition and implementation adopted by Latin American countries is presented first before the paper converges into defining a framework for application in Panama. Finally, a case-study-based theoretical framework proposing a ZEB definition for Panama is discussed. The results of this study showed a net primary energy balance, of which the range falls into a plus energy building definition, indicating that all of the cases studied could supply their electricity needs using Photovoltaic generation. All dwellings studied have the potential to become a plus energy building, depending on the available roof surface area. Finally, a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis is presented in order to assess and support the introduction of such a ZEB definition and framework. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Classical Guitar Modelling Technologies
Due to the diversity of phenomena involved in the modeling of musical instruments and the inherent difficulties in formulating vibroacoustics problems, including the various underlying possible dissipating effects, and despite the availability of some classical and computational approaches, this task remains a significant challenge after many years. Analytical modeling and numerical simulation of multiphysics coupled systems is an exciting research area, even when it comes to intrinsically linear or linearized formulations, as is usually the case with coupled vibroacoustic problems. The combined effect of many localized geometrical miss-modeling with significant uncertainty in mechanical characterization of some organic materials yields large discrepancies in the natural frequencies and mode shapes thus obtained.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Passive Intermodulation at Contacts of Rough Conductors
Passive intermodulation (PIM) is a nonlinear phenomenon causing frequency mixing and harmonic generation. PIM products, generated by weak nonlinearities of passive devices, interfere with information signals and degrade the performance of communications, navigation and astronomical systems. The passive nonlinearities of different types: electrical, thermal and mechanical are coupled intrinsically despite their different time scales. Roughness of the contact surfaces notably enhances the PIM effect at conductor joints. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and the Regulation of Lipid Metabolism
Oxygen deprivation or hypoxia characterizes a number of serious pathological conditions and elicits a number of adaptive changes that are mainly mediated at the transcriptional level by the family of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). The HIF target gene repertoire includes genes responsible for the regulation of metabolism, oxygen delivery and cell survival. Although the involvement of HIFs in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and the switch to anaerobic glycolysis under hypoxia is well established, their role in the control of lipid anabolism and catabolism remains still relatively obscure. Recent evidence indicates that many aspects of lipid metabolism are modified during hypoxia or in tumor cells in a HIF-dependent manner, contributing significantly to the pathogenesis and/or progression of cancer and metabolic disorders. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Targeting Lateral Canthal Rhytids
Botulinum neurotoxin injections near the lateral canthal rhytids are commonly used in cosmetic settings; however, there is a lack of thorough anatomical knowledge, and an effective way to treat them with accumulating knowledge is needed. 
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
The Role of Saponins in the Neuropathic Pain
Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain caused by tissue injury or disease involving the somatosensory nervous system, which seriously affects the patient’s body function and quality of life. Saponins are a class of compounds with diverse structures, consisting of sapogenin and glycosyl groups. The common ones of the saccharides that make up saponins are D-glucose, D-galactose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, and L-rhamnose, etc.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Netting in Fruit Cultivation
The use of nets is considered an indispensable measure in the cultivation of many fruit species. This is especially true, as modern agriculture is experiencing a need to protect crops from their cultivation environment due to global climate changes and their resulting extreme climatic events. Furthermore, urbanization processes are thrusting agriculture towards less amenable environments, and, on the other hand, there is a need to meet rising market demands for better product quality, reduced chemical applications, food safety, and sustainability of the production processes. The usage of nets in agriculture is not a novelty. The oldest net applications were in fruit cultivation (grapes, peaches, apricots, apples, and cherries) and ornamental plant production (cut flowers).
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Real-World Evidence
Real-world evidence (RWE) is increasingly involved in the early benefit assessment of medicinal drugs. It is expected that RWE will help to speed up approval processes comparable to RWE developments in vaccine research during the COVID-19 pandemic. Definitions of RWE are diverse, marking the highly fluid status in this field. So far, RWE comprises information produced from data routinely collected on patient’s health status and/or delivery of health care from various sources other than traditional clinical trials. These sources can include electronic health records, claims, patient-generated data including in home-use settings, data from mobile devices, as well as patient, product, and disease registries. RWE has already been included in various approval procedures of regulatory authorities, reflecting its actual acceptance and growing importance in evaluating and accelerating new therapies. Since RWE research is still in a transition process, and since a number of gaps in this field have been explored, more guidance and a consented definition are necessary to increase the implementation of real-world data.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Diet-Induced Thermogenesis
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been considered a vital organ in response to non-shivering adaptive thermogenesis, which could be activated during cold exposure through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or under postprandial conditions contributing to diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). Humans prefer to live within their thermal comfort or neutral zone with minimal energy expenditure created by wearing clothing, making shelters, or using an air conditioner to regulate their ambient temperature; thereby, DIT would become an important mechanism to counter-regulate energy intake and lipid accumulation. In addition, there has been a long interest in the intriguing possibility that a defect in DIT predisposes one to obesity and other metabolic diseases. 
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The COVID-19 and Autism-Spectrum Experience (CASE) Parent Survey
The COVID-19 outbreak represented a challenging period, especially for people suffering from pre-existing mental health related issues. Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are among this patient population and thus particularly at risk due to their vulnerability and difficulties with adapting to changes and complex situations. The CASE parent survey was developed by a group of physicians, psychologists, and child life specialists, in order to assess the impact of the COVID-19 emergency on children and adolescents with ASD. It consists of 40 questions (20 yes/no questions, 18 multiple choice questions and 2 open-response questions), subdivided into three categories investigating Autism Spectrum Disorder's subjects socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, the impact the COVID-19 outbreak had on their physical and mental wellbeing, and the needs to deal with the ongoing emergency.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Biosynthesis of H2S in Organisms
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is a gasotransmitter, can be biosynthesized and participates in various physiological and biochemical processes in plants. H2S also positively affects plants’ adaptation to abiotic stresses.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Magneto-Fluorescent Nanoparticles
Novel nanomaterials are of interest in biology, medicine, and imaging applications. Multimodal fluorescent-magnetic nanoparticles demand special attention because they have the potential to be employed as diagnostic and medication-delivery tools, which, in turn, might make it easier to diagnose and treat cancer, as well as a wide variety of other disorders. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Activation-Based Pruning of Neural Networks
A novel technique is presented for pruning called activation-based pruning to effectively prune fully connected feedforward neural networks for multi-object classification. The technique is based on the number of times each neuron is activated during model training. Further analysis demonstrated that activation-based pruning can be considered a dimensionality reduction technique, as it leads to a sparse low-rank matrix approximation for each hidden layer of the neural network. The rank-reduced neural network generated using activation-based pruning has better accuracy than a rank-reduced network using principal component analysis. After each successive pruning, the amount of reduction in the magnitude of singular values of each matrix representing the hidden layers of the network is equivalent to introducing the sum of singular values of the hidden layers as a regularization parameter to the objective function.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Zinc Finger and BTB Domain-Containing 20 in Cancers
Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing 20 (ZBTB20), which was initially identified in human dendritic cells, belongs to a family of transcription factors (TFs) with an N-terminal BTB domain and one or more C-terminal DNA-binding zinc finger domains. Under physiological conditions, ZBTB20 acts as a transcriptional repressor in cellular development and differentiation, metabolism, and innate immunity. Interestingly, multiple lines of evidence from mice and human systems have revealed the importance of ZBTB20 in the pathogenesis and development of cancers. ZBTB20 is not only a hotspot of genetic variation or fusion in many types of human cancers, but also a key TF or intermediator involving in the dysregulation of cancer cells. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Hikikomori Phenomenon
The Hikikomori phenomenon can be classified with the classification of “social pathology”: the Hikikomori phenomenon, and its spread in society, appear to be a real danger to the sustainability and resilience of the very society in which it occurs. This is because the social isolation of an individual, especially if young and non-independent, impacts the community of reference in human, economic and psychological terms.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Basis of FIX Deficiency in Hemophilia B
Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) or factor IX (FIX), which are named hemophilia A (OMIM#306700) and hemophilia B (OMIM#306900), respectively. Coagulation factor IX (FIX) is a vitamin K dependent protein and its deficiency causes hemophilia B, an X-linked recessive bleeding disorder. More than 1000 mutations in the F9 gene have been identified in hemophilia B patients. Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) or factor IX (FIX), which are named hemophilia A (OMIM#306700) and hemophilia B (OMIM#306900), respectively. Because the genes of FVIII and FIX are located in chromosome X, hemophilia has historically been considered as a “male disease".
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
ISIDOG Recommendations Concerning COVID-19, Pregnancy
To properly manage pregnant patients in times of Sars-2-CoV (Covid-19) pandemics, extra knowledge, skills and organisational measures are essential. After consultation of more than 20 knowledgeble ISIDOG country responsables in Europe and worldwide, we present a comprehensive review and clear recommendation  document to guide caretakers of pregnant women in all possible aspects of the manangement.  Care of patient with, or at risk of, COVID-19 infection, requires attention to minimize the potential pathogenic effect for the mother and the offspring, but also not to spread infection to themselves, caregivers or partners. ISIDOG will adjust guidelines egularly as more information becomes available.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
BARD1 Mutations
A catalog of BARD1 germline mutations/pathogenic variants (PVs) identified in large cumulative cohorts of ~48,700 breast cancer (BC) and ~20,800 ovarian cancer (OC) cases prepared based on 123 studies published over 20 years of BARD1 gene screening. By comparing the frequency of BARD1 PVs in the cases and ~134,100 noncancer controls from the gnomAD database, the effect of the BARD1 PVs on BC and OC risks is estimated.  
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Microvesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are secreted by all cell types in a tumor and its microenvironment (TME) and play an essential role in intercellular communication and the establishment of a TME favorable for tumor invasion and metastasis. They encompass a variety of vesicle populations, among them the well-known endosomal-derived small exosomes (Exo), but also larger vesicles (diameter >100 nm) that are shed directly from the plasma membrane, the so-called microvesicles (MV). Increasing evidence suggests that MV, although biologically different, share the tumor-promoting features of Exo in the TME. Due to their larger size, they can be readily harvested from patients’ blood and characterized by routine methods such as conventional flow cytometry exploiting the plethora of molecules expressed on their surface. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the biology and the composition of MV as well as their role within the TME. We highlight not only the challenges and potential of MV as novel biomarkers for cancer, but also discuss their possible use for therapeutic intervention.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Nov 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback