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Topic Review
Olfactory Stimulation as Environmental Enrichment for Domestic Horses
Olfactory stimulation is a form of sensory enrichment that holds considerable potential. Odors are relatively cheap, easy to store, and can become dynamic in time and space, rendering an aspect of novelty, which makes olfactory stimulation interesting from a practical point of view. Horses constantly face several challenges inherent to the domestic environment, and it is common for the expression of their natural behavior to be drastically limited. Environmental enrichment has been suggested as an alternative to improve the captive situation of domestic horses.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Historic-Building Information Modeling and Artificial Intelligence
Heritage- or Historic-Building Information Modeling (H-BIM) reconstruction from laser scanning or photogrammetric surveys is a manual, time-consuming, overly subjective process, but the emergence of AI techniques, applied to the realm of existing architectural heritage, is offering new ways to interpret, process and elaborate raw digital surveying data, as point clouds. The proposed methodological approach for higher-level automation in Scan-to-BIM reconstruction is threaded as follows: (i) semantic segmentation via Random Forest and import of annotated data in 3D modeling environment, broken down class by class; (ii) reconstruction of template geometries of classes of architectural elements; (iii) propagation of template reconstructed geometries to all elements belonging to a typological class. Visual Programming Languages (VPLs) and reference to architectural treatises are leveraged for the Scan-to-BIM reconstruction. 
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Hemp as a Functional Food in Vegetarian Nutrition
Many countries discriminate between recreational use (marijuana) and industrial and food use (hemp). The stalks of industrial hemp (low in psychotropic substances) have been used extensively for textile purposes while the seeds are nutritionally versatile. From hemp seeds, it is possible to obtain flours applicable in the bakery sector, oils rich in essential fatty acids, proteins with a high biological value and derivatives for fortification, supplementation and nutraceutical purposes. Hemp seed properties seem relevant for vegetarian diets, due to their high nutritional value and underestimated employment in the food sector. Hemp seed and their derivatives are a valuable source of protein, essential fatty acids and minerals that could provide additional benefit to vegetarian nutrition.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Prenatal Care
Care in the preconception stage and during pregnancy are essential for the health of the mother and the baby. Maternal feeding plays a fundamental role as a modulator of the prevention of maternal and fetal pathology.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Open Innovation
The definitions of open innovation (OI) focus on knowledge (resources), including its flow between the enterprise and entities in the environment (as part of cooperation between them). The purpose of this exchange is to create a market novelty, and the definitions most often relate to enterprises. These common features become the basis for creating our own definition of open innovation. It defines OI as "a two-way or one-way flow of knowledge (or other resources) made between an enterprise and the environment as part of established cooperation", based (on the one hand) on the exploration of the environment and (on the other hand) on the exploitation of own resources, i.e. those that are owned by an entity [9] (p. 83). The final effect of this cooperation must be innovative solutions to improve the market competitiveness of the enterprise.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Nov 2020
Topic Review
NBR1-Mediated Selective Autophagy
Selective autophagy is a highly regulated degradation pathway for the removal of specific damaged or unwanted cellular components and organelles such as protein aggregates. Cargo selectivity in selective autophagy relies on the action of cargo receptors and adaptors. In mammalian cells, two structurally related proteins p62 and NBR1 act as cargo receptors for selective autophagy of ubiquitinated proteins including aggregation-prone proteins in aggrephagy. Plant NBR1 is the structural and functional homolog of mammalian p62 and NBR1.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Collagen VI-related Myopathy
Collagen VI-related myopathy is a group of disorders that affect skeletal muscles (which are the muscles used for movement) and connective tissue (which provides strength and flexibility to the skin, joints, and other structures throughout the body). Most affected individuals have muscle weakness and joint deformities called contractures that restrict movement of the affected joints and worsen over time. Researchers have described several forms of collagen VI-related myopathy, which range in severity: Bethlem myopathy is the mildest, an intermediate form is moderate in severity, and Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy is the most severe.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Matrix Metalloproteinases
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent proteases that have been extensively studied in the context of extracellular matrix (ECM) breakdown and remodelling.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Dietary Polyphenols and NAFLD
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a clinical condition primarily characterized by fat accumulation in liver parenchyma (>5% of hepatocytes). Its clinical burden is encompassed in its pathologic spectrum, which ranges from simple fatty liver (Simple Fatty Liver – SFL) to steato-hepatitis (Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis – NASH), ending with hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma, through a progressive fibrosis of the organ. These advanced stages are associated with higher mortality, but all stages of NAFLD can significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases since these are the most prevalent clinical features in NAFLD. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathways
The signaling pathways of brassinosteroids (BRs), a unique plant steroid hormone, are critically involved in a diverse range of plant growth and developmental processes as well as many important agronomic traits.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
PARP Inhibitors
 Poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) belong to a class of targeted drugs developed for the treatment of homologous recombination repair (HRR)-defective tumors. Preclinical and limited clinical data suggest that PARP inhibition is effective against prostate cancer (PC) in patients with HRR-deficient tumors and that PARPis can improve the mortality rate of PC in patients with BRCA1/2 mutations through a synthetic lethality. 
  • 1.3K
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Probiotics in Fish Nutrition
Probiotics are live microbial additives that have a beneficial effect on the host by (1) modifying the host-associated microbial community, (2) ensuring improved use of the feed or enhancing its nutritional value, (3) enhancing the host response towards disease, and/or (4) improving the quality of its ambient environment.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Nanosized Hydroxyapatite
The development of new materials based on hydroxyapatite has undergone a great evolution in recent decades due to technological advances and development of computational techniques. 
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Encapsulins—Bacterial Protein Nanocompartments
Recently, a new class of prokaryotic compartments, collectively called encapsulins or protein nanocompartments, has been discovered. The shell proteins of these structures self-organize to form icosahedral compartments with a diameter of 25–42 nm, while one or more cargo proteins with various functions can be encapsulated in the nanocompartment. Non-native cargo proteins can be loaded into nanocompartments and the surface of the shells can be further functionalized, which allows for developing targeted drug delivery systems or using encapsulins as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Since the genes encoding encapsulins can be integrated into the cell genome, encapsulins are attractive for investigation in various scientific fields, including biomedicine and nanotechnology.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Ionic Liquid Electrolytes
For decades, improvements in electrolytes and electrodes have driven the development of electrochemical energy storage devices. Generally, electrodes and electrolytes should not be developed separately due to the importance of the interaction at their interface. The energy storage ability and safety of energy storage devices are in fact determined by the arrangement of ions and electrons between the electrode and the electrolyte.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Geopolymers vs. Cement Matrix Materials
Geopolymers are spreading more and more in the cementitious materials field, exhibiting technological properties that are highly competitive to conventional Portland concrete mixes.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a predominant malignancy worldwide, being the fourth most common cause of mortality and morbidity. The CRC incidence in adolescents, young adults, and adult populations is increasing every year. In the pathogenesis of CRC, various factors are involved including diet, sedentary life, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, gut microbiota, diabetes, and genetic mutations. The CRC tumor microenvironment (TME) involves the complex cooperation between tumoral cells with stroma, immune, and endothelial cells. 
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Microfluidics as a Novel Technique for Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global healthcare crisis, with an estimated 5.8 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths in 2020. TB is caused by infection with the major human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is difficult to rapidly diagnose and treat. 
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
NAFLD in Lean and Non-Obese Individuals
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which approximately affects a quarter of the world’s population, has become a major public health concern. Although usually associated with excess body weight, it may also affect normal-weight individuals, a condition termed as lean/non-obese NAFLD. The prevalence of lean/non-obese NAFLD is around 20% within the NAFLD population, and 5% within the general population. Current treatment of lean NAFLD is aimed at improving overall fitness and decreasing visceral adiposity, with weight loss strategies being the cornerstone of treatment.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Fibrinogen in Hypofibrinogenemia
Congenital fibrinogen disorders are diseases associated with a bleeding tendency; however, there are also reports of thrombotic events. Fibrinogen plays a role in the pathogenesis of thrombosis due to altered plasma concentrations or modifications to fibrinogen’s structural properties, which affect clot permeability, resistance to lysis, and its stiffness. Several distinct types of genetic change and pathogenetic mechanism have been described in patients with bleeding and a thrombotic phenotype, including mutations affecting synthesis or processing in three fibrinogen genes.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Mar 2022
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