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Topic Review
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have great potential for applications as a drug delivery system (DDS) due to their unique properties such as large pore size, high surface area, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and stable aqueous dispersion. The MSN-mediated DDS can carry chemotherapeutic agents, optical sensors, photothermal agents, short interfering RNA (siRNA), and gene therapeutic agents. The MSN-assisted imaging techniques are applicable in cancer diagnosis. However, their synthesis via a chemical route requires toxic chemicals and is challenging, time-consuming, and energy-intensive, making the process expensive and non-viable. Fortunately, nature has provided a viable alternative material in the form of biosilica from marine resources.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bluetooth Low Energy Beacon
Bluetooth beacons are hardware transmitters - a class of Bluetooth low energy (LE) devices that broadcast their identifier to nearby portable electronic devices. The technology enables smartphones, tablets and other devices to perform actions when in close proximity to a beacon. Bluetooth beacons use Bluetooth low energy proximity sensing to transmit a universally unique identifier picked up by a compatible app or operating system. The identifier and several bytes sent with it can be used to determine the device's physical location, track customers, or trigger a location-based action on the device such as a check-in on social media or a push notification. One application is distributing messages at a specific Point of Interest, for example a store, a bus stop, a room or a more specific location like a piece of furniture or a vending machine. This is similar to previously used geopush technology based on GPS, but with a much reduced impact on battery life and much extended precision. Another application is an indoor positioning system, which helps smartphones determine their approximate location or context. With the help of a Bluetooth beacon, a smartphone's software can approximately find its relative location to a Bluetooth beacon in a store. Brick and mortar retail stores use the beacons for mobile commerce, offering customers special deals through mobile marketing, and can enable mobile payments through point of sale systems. Bluetooth beacons differ from some other location-based technologies as the broadcasting device (beacon) is only a 1-way transmitter to the receiving smartphone or receiving device, and necessitates a specific app installed on the device to interact with the beacons. This ensures that only the installed app (not the Bluetooth beacon transmitter) can track users, potentially against their will, as they passively walk around the transmitters. Bluetooth beacon transmitters come in a variety of form factors, including small coin cell devices, USB sticks, and generic Bluetooth 4.0 capable USB dongles.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Theoretical Development of Corporate Charitable Giving
Corporate charitable giving refers to the unconditional provision of funds or materials by companies to governments or related institutions in a voluntary and non-reciprocal manner to solve social problems such as poverty, education, natural disasters and public health. Corporate charitable giving not only brings strategic resources and information channels needed for enterprise innovation, but also helps companies enhance their moral capital, improve their brand image and increase their political legitimacy.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cell-Derived Vesicles for mRNA Delivery
The clinical translation of messenger mRNA (mRNA)-based therapeutics requires safe and effective delivery systems. Although considerable progress has been made on the development of mRNA delivery systems, many challenges, such as the dose-limiting toxicity and specific delivery to extrahepatic tissues, still remain. Cell-derived vesicles, a type of endogenous membranous particle secreted from living cells, can be leveraged to load mRNA during or after their biogenesis. They have received increasing interest for mRNA delivery due to their natural origin, good biocompatibility, cell-specific tropism, and unique ability to cross physiological barriers.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Origin of Translation
Extant biology uses RNA to record genetic information and proteins to execute biochemical functions. Nucleotides are translated into amino acids via transfer RNA in the central dogma. tRNA is essential in translation as it connects the codon and the cognate amino acid. Among the three steps in the central dogma, translation is the most important as it bridges the world of nucleic acids and the world of amino acids. In the “RNA world” hypothesis, RNA came first from the primordial environment, recorded the genetic information, and catalyzed fundamental biochemical reactions. Later, RNA alienated the catalytic function of peptides and proteins and released the information storage function to DNA. DNA self-copy, i.e., replication, and DNA-templated RNA polymerization, i.e., transcription, are more intuitive and practicable in prebiotic settings compared to RNA-coded peptide formation. Translation takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in the cytoplasm with messenger RNA as the template, transfer RNA as the adaptor, and ribosome RNA as the catalytic core. 
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy is an analytical technique discovered by the Indian scientist C.V. Raman. It can be applied to analyze the molecular structure based on the molecular vibration and rotation information of scattering spectra. Benefiting from the recent advancements in material science, nanotechnology and optical technology, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was developed and widely used in bioanalysis, clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. In SERS, Raman signals of molecules can be enhanced by six to ten orders of magnitude, owing to the electromagnetic field enhancement and chemical enhancement effects generated by nanostructures. The detection limit of SERS is even as low as the single-molecule level, so SERS is regarded as an ultrasensitive technique.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Influence of Heavy Metal
There are a multitude of sources of heavy metal pollution which have unwanted effects on this super organism, the soil, which is capable of self-regulation, but limited. Living a healthy life through the consumption of fruits and vegetables, mushrooms, edible products and by-products of animal origin, honey and bee products can sometimes turn out to be just a myth due to the contamination of the soil with heavy metals whose values, even if they are below accepted limits, are taken up by plants, reach the food chain and in the long term unbalance the homeostasis of the human organism. Plants, these miracles of nature, some with the natural ability to grow on polluted soils, others needing a little help by adding chelators or amendments, can participate in the soil detoxification of heavy metals through phytoextraction and phytostabilization.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
YAP/TAZ May Bridge Microgravity and Liver Dysfunction
Microgravity exposure during spaceflight causes the disordered regulation of liver function, presenting a specialized mechano-biological coupling process. While YAP/TAZ serves as a typical mechanosensitive pathway involved in hepatocyte metabolism, it remains unclear whether and how it is correlated with microgravity-induced liver dysfunction. Whether or not the data in liver functions are derived from infight or ground-based studies, or what types of observations are presented at the organism or cellular level, it is still critical to map out the potential gravity-sensitive signaling pathways from the above functional or phenotypic cues. 
  • 1.3K
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4)-Based Bioceramics
A strong interest was raised in studying ceramics as potential bone grafts due to their biomechanical properties. Current biomedical applications of CaPO4-based bioceramics include artificial bone grafts, bone augmentations, maxillofacial reconstruction, spinal fusion, and periodontal disease repairs, as well as bone fillers after tumor surgery.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Lithium−Sulfur Pouch Cells
Strategies to enhance sulfur loading and utilization and compaction of the cathode are crucial objectives in accelerating the industrial realization of Li–S pouch cells.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Gelatin and Chitosan as Meat By-Products
Gelatin is a natural ingredient derived from animal by-products such as cattle bones, pork skins, and split cattle hides. It has healthy properties and has many applications, such as in confectionery, pharmaceutical products, meat, cosmetic and health care products, desserts, dairy products, and juices. Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide that is created by deacetylating chitin (poly (-(1 4)-Nacetyl-D-glucosamine). Chitosan is a commercially available and cheap polysaccharide that is semi-crystalline and most commonly solvable in weak organic acids, such as lactic, acetic, formic, citric, tartaric, and malic acids. Chitosan is synthesized by deacetylation of chitin (poly (β-(1 → 4)-Nacetyl-D-glucosamine), a natural polysaccharide. It is a reasonably priced and easily accessible polysaccharide.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Degradation Path of Deltamethrin
One of the most frequently and widely used pyrethroids is deltamethrin, often employed for the control of household insect pests. The presence of three chiral centers translates into eight possible different stereoisomers, with only one of them having insecticidal activity. Active deltamethrin (a-DLM) has an S configuration at the α−benzyl carbon and a 1-R-cis configuration at the cyclopropane ring.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Understanding the Relationship between Migraine and Neuroticism
Headache is the first cause of consultation in neurology, and one of the most frequent reasons for consultation in general medicine. Migraine is one of the most common, prevalent, and socioeconomically impactful disabling primary headache disorders. Neuroticism can be conceptualized as a disposition to suffer anxiety and emotional disorders in general. Neuroticism has been associated with various mental and physical disorders (e.g., chronic pain, depression), including migraine. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
All-trans Retinoic Acid
Clinical reports suggest a potential link between excess retinoids and development of depression. Although it has been shown that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) administration induces behavioral changes, further insight into how ATRA is involved is lacking. The hippocampus seems to be a major target of retinoids, and abnormal synaptic plasticity of the hippocampus is involved in depression. We examined two genes associated with synaptic function, discs large homolog 2 (DLG2), and synapse differentiation-inducing gene protein 1 (SynDIG1) in terms of hippocampal expression and correlation with behavior. Three different doses of ATRA were injected into young mice and 10 mg/kg ATRA was found to induce depression-like behavior. In the hippocampus, DLG2 mRNA was significantly decreased by ATRA. mRNA levels were positively correlated with central area duration and distance in the open-field test. Increased SynDIG1 mRNA levels were observed. There was a negative correlation between SynDIG1 mRNA levels and mobility time in the forced swimming test. Retinoic acid receptor γ mRNA was significantly positively correlated with DLG2 and negatively correlated with SynDIG1. To summarize, ATRA administration induced anxiety- and depression-like behavior accompanied by a decreased expression of DLG2 and an increased expression of SynDIG1. Moreover, DLG2 was correlated with anxiety-like behavior and SynDIG1 was correlated with depression-like behavior. These results might constitute a novel target underlying ATRA-induced anxiety- and depression-like behavior.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Dendritic Cell Subsets
Dendritic cells (DCs) constitute a complex network of cell subsets with common functions but also with many divergent aspects. All dendritic cell subsets share the ability to prime T cell response and to undergo a complex trafficking program related to their stage of maturation and function. For these reasons, dendritic cells are implicated in a large variety of both protective and detrimental immune responses, including a crucial role in promoting anti-tumor responses. Although cDC1s are the most potent subset in tumor antigen cross-presentation, they are not sufficient to induce full-strength anti-tumor cytotoxic T cell response and need close interaction and cooperativity with the other dendritic cell subsets, namely cDC2s and pDCs. Here, the functional role of dendritic cell subsets in suppressing tumor growth is discussed. Understanding the specificity of dendritic cell subsets will allow to gain insights on role of these cells in pathological conditions and to design new selective promising therapeutic approaches.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
LncRNAs
Chemo and radiation therapies are the most commonly used therapies for cancer, but they can induce DNA damage, resulting in the apoptosis of host cells. DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) are the most lethal form of DNA damage in cells, which are constantly caused by a wide variety of genotoxic agents, both environmentally and endogenously. To maintain genomic integrity, eukaryotic organisms have developed a complex mechanism for the repair of DNA damage. Researches reported that many cellular long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were involved in the response of DNA damage. The roles of lncRNAs in DNA damage response can be regulated by the dynamic modification of N6-adenosine methylation (m6A). The cellular accumulation of DNA damage can result in various diseases, including cancers. Additionally, lncRNAs also play roles in controlling the gene expression and regulation of autophagy, which are indirectly involved with individual development. The dysregulation of these functions can facilitate human tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarized the origin and overview function of lncRNAs and highlighted the roles of lncRNAs involved in the repair of DNA damage.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Anatomical Resection
Anatomical resection (AR), described as systematic removal of a liver segment confined by tumor-bearing portal tributaries, may improve survival by reducing the risk of tumor recurrence compared with non-AR.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Substances/Receptors Inducing Itch in AD
Itch or pruritus is the hallmark of atopic dermatitis and is defined as an unpleasant sensation that evokes the desire to scratch. It is also believed that itch is a signal of danger from various environmental factors or physiological abnormalities. Because histamine is a well-known substance inducing itch, H1-antihistamines are the most frequently used drugs to treat pruritus.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ultrasound in Food Technology
Ultrasound is composed of mechanical sound waves that originate from molecular movements that oscillate in a propagation medium. The waves have a very high frequency, approximately 20 kHz, are divided into two categories (i.e. low intensity waves and high intensity waves) and cannot be perceived by the human ear. Ultrasound is commonly associated with the biomedical field.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
LOCs/OOCs for Biomedical Applications
Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and organ-on-a-chip (OOC) devices are highly versatile platforms that enable miniaturization and advanced controlled laboratory functions (i.e., microfluidics, advanced optical or electrical recordings, high-throughput screening). The manufacturing advancements of LOCs/OOCs for biomedical applications and their current limitations are briefly discussed. Multiple studies have exploited the advantages of mimicking organs or tissues on a chip. Among these, we focused our attention on the brain-on-a-chip, blood–brain barrier (BBB)-on-a-chip, and neurovascular unit (NVU)-on-a-chip applications.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Jul 2021
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