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Topic Review
Epigenomic Dysregulation in Schizophrenia
       Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with a complex array of signs and symptoms that causes very significant disability in young people. While schizophrenia has a strong genetic component, with heritability around 80%, there is also a very significant range of environmental exposures and stressors that have been implicated in disease development and neuropathology, such as maternal immune infection, obstetric complications, childhood trauma and cannabis exposure. It is postulated that epigenetic factors, as well as regulatory non-coding RNAs, mediate the effects of these environmental stressors. In this review, we explore the most well-known epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation and histone modification, along with emerging RNA mediators of epigenomic state, including miRNAs and lncRNAs, and discuss their collective potential for involvement in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia implicated through the postmortem analysis of brain tissue. Given that peripheral tissues, such as blood, saliva, and olfactory epithelium have the same genetic composition and are exposed to many of the same environmental exposures, we also examine some studies supporting the application of peripheral tissues for epigenomic biomarker discovery in schizophrenia. Finally, we provide some perspective on how these biomarkers may be utilised to capture a signature of past events that informs future treatment.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Aug 2020
Topic Review
GIS-Based Emotional Computing
In recent years, with the growing accessibility of abundant contextual emotion information, which is benefited by the numerous georeferenced user-generated content and the maturity of artificial intelligence (AI)-based emotional computing technics, the emotion layer of human–environment relationship is proposed for enriching traditional methods of various related disciplines such as urban planning. This paper proposes the geographic information system (GIS)-based emotional computing concept, which is a novel framework for applying GIS methods to collective human emotion. The methodology presented in this paper consists of three key steps: (1) collecting georeferenced data containing emotion and environment information such as social media and official sites, (2) detecting emotions using AI-based emotional computing technics such as natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV), and (3) visualizing and analyzing the spatiotemporal patterns with GIS tools. This methodology is a great synergy of multidisciplinary cutting-edge techniques, such as GIScience, sociology, and computer science. Moreover, it can effectively and deeply explore the connection between people and their surroundings with the help of GIS methods. Generally, the framework provides a standard workflow to calculate and analyze the new information layer for researchers, in which a measured human-centric perspective onto the environment is possible.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Ferroptosis Regulation by p53
Tumor suppressor p53 plays a key role in tumor suppression. In addition to tumor suppression, p53 is also involved in many other biological and pathological processes, such as immune response, maternal reproduction, tissue ischemia/reperfusion injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. While it has been widely accepted that the role of p53 in regulation of cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis contributes greatly to the function of p53 in tumor suppression, emerging evidence has implicated that p53 also exerts its tumor suppressive function through regulation of many other cellular processes, such as metabolism, anti-oxidant defense and ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a unique iron-dependent form of programmed cell death driven by lipid peroxidation in cells. Ferroptosis has been reported to be involved in cancer, tissue ischemia/reperfusion injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis can be regulated by p53 and its signaling pathway as well as tumor-associated mutant p53. Interestingly, the regulation of ferroptosis by p53 appears to be highly context-dependent.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Pancreatic Fluid Collection
Pancreatic fluid collection (PFC) is one of the local complications that occurs after acute pancreatitis. Recently, the gold standard for management of pancreatic fluid collection has changed from aggressive debridement to a more conservative approach. Endoscopic drainage and necrosectomy are now accepted treatment approaches for patients with symptomatic walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WON). The current recommendations advocate step-up approaches for the treatment of symptomatic WON. Previous recommendations stipulated that endoscopic intervention should be delayed until more than four weeks after the onset. Recent data on early drainage have been increasing and this option might be considered in well-encapsulated cases, but the percutaneous route is preferred if the drainage is performed within two weeks after onset or in nonencapsulated cases.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Seaweeds Compounds
Seaweeds’ compounds present important qualities for cosmetic application, such as low cytotoxicity and low allergens content. Several seaweeds’ molecules already demonstrated a high potential as a cosmetic active ingredient (such as, mycosporine-like amino acids, fucoidan, pigments, phenolic compounds) or as a key element for the products consistency (agar, alginate, carrageenan). Moreover, it focuses on the ecological and sustainable scope of seaweed exploitation to guarantee a safe source of ingredients for the cosmetic industry and consumers.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Demand Creation for COVID-19 Vaccination
As more approved COVID-19 vaccines are made available and supply meets or exceeds demand, medical and public health professionals will increasingly be faced with the challenge of vaccine hesitancy. This article describes a demand creation strategy to overcome COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy using methods and evidence from behavioral science and social marketing, and describes a specific campaign aimed at increasing vaccination rates in high supply settings.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nanotechnology in Plant Nutrients Fortification
Nutrient deficiency in food crops is seriously affecting human health, especially those in the rural areas, and nanotechnology may become the most sustainable approach to alleviating this challenge. There are several ways of fortifying the nutrients in food such as dietary diversification, use of drugs and industrial fortification. However, the affordability and sustainability of these methods have not been completely achieved. Plants absorb nutrients from fertilizers, but most conventional fertilizers have low nutrient use and uptake efficiency. Nanofertilizers are, therefore, engineered to be target oriented and not easily lost. 
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
PGC-1α in Metabolic Diseases
Mitochondria contain the majority of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which an essential cofactor that regulates metabolic function. A decrease in both mitochondria biogenesis and NAD+ is a characteristic of metabolic diseases, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) orchestrates mitochondrial biogenesis and is involved in mitochondrial NAD+ pool.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Essential Oils in Control of Ticks
Ticks are forced bloodsucker ectoparasites belonging to the Order Ixodida, which comprises three families: Ixodidae (hard ticks, 720 species), Argasidae (soft ticks, 186 species), and Nuttalliellidae (1 species). Tick control is a priority in order to prevent the transmission of vector-borne diseases. The essential oil’s acaricidal activity is due to the variability of its chemical composition and the relationship between these compounds. Moreover, given their low toxicities and their solubility in water these compounds can contribute to the production of milk and animal meat free from dangerous chemicals which are harmful to humans, animals, and the environment.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ozone as a Chemotherapy
In the last sixty years, publications in reputed journals have shown the preclinical positive effect of ozone gas in cancer cells. However, the translation of these results into clinical practice is far away from success. A comprehensive approach is necessary for this, and oncologists and researchers need guidance from medical specialists with in-depth knowledge of ozone in medicine. In this article, we review the evidence around this question and suggest different potential research lines to those interested in this exciting field.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Buccal Bone Thickness in Anterior and Posterior Teeth
The Buccal Bone Thickness (BBT) of maxillary premolar teeth was 1.40 ± 0.75 mm in the region of the alveolar crest, 1.28 ± 0.80 mm at the medial area of the radix, and 1.84 ± 1.16 mm at the apex. Maxillary molar teeth showed a BBT of 1.42 ± 0.74 at the alveolar crest, 1.56 ± 1.05 in the middle part, and 2.78 ± 2.04 mm at the apex. In the mandible, the value distributions were: 0.95 ± 0.58 mm between the crestal part of the root and the surface of the buccal bone, 0.92 ± 0.66 mm at 4 to 9 mm apically to the alveolar crest, and 2.90 ± 1.58 mm at the apex of the radix.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Neurotherapeutics for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterised by persisting and impairing symptoms of age-inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity (DSM-5). EEG-neurofeedback has been tested for about 45 years, with the latest meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials (RCT) showing small/medium effects compared to non-active controls only. Three small studies piloted neurofeedback of frontal activations in ADHD using functional magnetic resonance imaging or near-infrared spectroscopy, finding no superior effects over control conditions. Brain stimulation has been applied to ADHD using mostly repetitive transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation (rTMS/tDCS). rTMS has shown mostly negative findings on improving cognition or symptoms. Meta-analyses of tDCS studies targeting mostly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex show small effects on cognitive improvements with only two out of three studies showing clinical improvements. Trigeminal nerve stimulation has been shown to improve ADHD symptoms with medium effect in one RCT. Modern neurotherapeutics are attractive due to their relative safety and potential neuroplastic effects. However, they need to be thoroughly tested for clinical and cognitive efficacy across settings and beyond core symptoms and for their potential for individualised treatment.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Roman Houses of Armea (Allariz, Ourense)
Francisco Conde-Valvís’s so-called “stone treasure” is a set of unique carved stone pieces, such as bases, column shafts, a mortar, and decorated fragments (trisqueles and rosettes), found during the 2018 excavation campaign in the Cibdá de Armea (Allariz, Ourense). They had been piled up and re-buried—no records existed as to where—at the western end of the Finca de A Atalaia, which was excavated in the 1950s under the direction of Conde-Valvís and began to be excavated again in 2011.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Topic Classification in the Tourism Field
In the past, the process of classifying, deconstructing, and analyzing relevant documents in tourism area required significant time and resources from domain experts. As this body of work continues to grow and diversify, text mining technology can better comprehend and promote the leisure industry, such that the general public becomes willing to understand, recognize, support, and participate in achieving the goals of sustainable development. Text mining can provide valuable knowledge from a large number of unstructured texts. Early text mining techniques were used in file classification.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Text Mining and Software Metrics in Vulnerability Prediction
Vulnerability prediction is a mechanism that facilitates the identification (and, in turn, the mitigation) of vulnerabilities early enough during the software development cycle. The scientific community has recently focused a lot of attention on developing Deep Learning models using text mining techniques and software metrics for predicting the existence of vulnerabilities in software components. However, limited attention has been given on the comparison and the combination of text mining- based and software metrics- based vulnerability prediction models.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Amine Type in CO2 Separation
Efficient CO2 capture technologies such as absorption/adsorption of CO2 sorbents, cryogenic separation, and membrane separation, have been developed experimentally and industrially. Among them, membrane technology is attracting growing attention owing to its inherent advantages that include energy-efficiency, ease of operation and scale-up, and a small footprint.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
History of Research Ships
The research ship had origins in the early voyages of exploration. By the time of James Cook's Endeavour, the essentials of what today we would call a research ship are clearly apparent. In 1766, the Royal Society hired Cook to travel to the Pacific Ocean to observe and record the transit of Venus across the Sun. The Endeavour was a sturdy boat, well designed and equipped for the ordeals she would face, and fitted out with facilities for her research personnel, Joseph Banks. And, as is common with contemporary research vessels, Endeavour carried out more than one kind of research, including comprehensive hydrographic survey work. Some other notable early research vessels were HMS Beagle, RV Calypso, HMS Challenger, and the Endurance and Terra Nova.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Machine-Learning-Based Methods for Acoustic Emission Testing
Acoustic emission (AE) testing has obvious limitations regarding its reproducibility: as it was said, this type of test involves the formation or progression of cracks in the material. Even when referring to specimens of the same material, of the same dimensions, and subjected to the same load cycle, they do not necessarily produce the same results. This is especially true in the case of anisotropic and heterogeneous materials. Moreover, since the signals used by precursors are of modest entity, to be able to detect possible forms of energy in the material, it is necessary to use particularly sensitive sensors. Further problems arise due to the attenuation phenomena of the acoustic stress wave that is dispersed in the material as it propagates: just as the noise due to sources independent of the possible structural defect can disturb the detection methodology. To overcome these limitations, researchers adopted alternative methodologies to improve the results of the structural damage identification procedures. The capabilities demonstrated by the technologies based on ML in detecting patterns were immediately noticed by AE researchers. To make this nondestructive testing method even more effective, all the methodologies based on ML for the recognition of the stress wave can be applied during the detection phase of the acoustic emission generated by the source. In this way, it is possible to carry out a test that is robust regarding noise and effective in detecting waves of modest entity. The most common methodologies based on ML applied in the field of AE are presented below. ML is a branch of artificial intelligence whose goal is to allow machines to automatically learn something from experience, without the need for them to be programmed in advance. Experience is a collection of data, which can be fixed and immutable, or even expand over time. Learning can be carried out through two main approaches: supervised and unsupervised.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Phenomenological Life
Phenomenological life (French: vie phénoménologique) is life considered from a philosophical and rigorously phenomenological point of view. The relevant philosophical project is called "radical phenomenology of life" (phénoménologie radicale de la vie) or "material phenomenology of life" (phénoménologie matérielle de la vie).
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Calculus as a Risk Factor for Periodontal Disease
Based on the 2018 classification of periodontal disease, a series of articles have been published describing the decision points of periodontal therapy and how the findings collected at those decision points can be used as guidelines for periodontal therapy.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Nov 2022
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