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Topic Review
Pharmacotherapy for NSCLC with IP
Of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 5–10% have interstitial pneumonia (IP) at the time of diagnosis and have a worse prognosis than those without IP. Meanwhile, the complication rate of lung cancer in patients with idiopathic IPs (IIPs) is also 7–14 times higher than that in patients without IIPs. Among IIPs, the frequency of lung cancer complications varies, with Kreuter et al. reporting 15.8% for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 6.3% for nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), and 5.6% for cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. In the treatment of NSCLC with comorbid IP, it is necessary to consider not only the prognosis of NSCLC but also the prognosis of comorbid IP itself.
  • 601
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Difficulties in Developing HER2-Targeted Therapy for Gastric Cancer
Advances in novel drugs and sequencing technologies have made biomarker-based, personalized, and effective treatment options available for patients with various types of solid tumor. Biomarker-based targeted therapy has dramatically changed the treatment of various cancers, such as non-small cell lung cancer. The first biomarker to be developed as a therapeutic target in gastric adenocarcinoma and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (hereafter, gastric cancer) was human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2). Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that belongs to the human epidermal growth factor receptor family. It is overexpressed/amplified in approximately 20% of gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancers. HER2 is being developed as a therapeutic target in a variety of cancers, and several agents have been shown to be effective in breast cancer.
  • 601
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Recent Advancement of Bio-Inspired Nanoparticles in Cancer Theragnostic
The introduction of cancer therapeutics and nanotechnology has resulted in a paradigm shift from conventional therapy to precision medicine. Nanotechnology, an interdisciplinary field with a focus on biomedical applications, holds immense promise in bringing about novel approaches for cancer detection, diagnosis, and therapy.
  • 601
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Oncometabolites in Peritoneal Cancers and Precision Cancer Medicine
Peritoneal cancers, encompassing both primary peritoneal cancers and secondary peritoneal metastases, present significant clinical challenges due to their aggressive nature and generally poor prognosis. Primary peritoneal cancers, such as peritoneal mesothelioma and primary peritoneal carcinoma, arise directly in the peritoneal cavity, while secondary peritoneal cancers result from the spread of cancer from other organs to the peritoneum. Understanding the role of cancer cell metabolism and cancer-promoting metabolites in peritoneal cancers can provide new insights into the mechanisms that drive tumor progression and can identify novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, and treatment response. Cancer cells dynamically reprogram their metabolism to facilitate tumor growth and overcome metabolic stress, with cancer-promoting metabolites such as kynurenine, lactate, and sphingosine-1-phosphate promoting cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune evasion.Targeting cancer-promoting metabolites and inhibiting the production or function of these metabolites could disrupt the metabolic pathways that contribute to tumor growth and progression. This approach could also lead to the development of effective combinatorial and adjuvant therapies for peritoneal cancers. With the observed metabolomic heterogeneity in cancer patients, defining peritoneal cancer metabolome and cancer-promoting metabolites holds great promise for improving patient outcomes by enabling personalized treatment approaches based on an individual's metabolic profile.
  • 601
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Programmed Death Ligand 1 Expression for SCLC Immunotherapy
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy that exhibits a rapid doubling time, a high growth fraction, and the early development of widespread metastases. The addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors to first-line chemotherapy represents the first significant improvement of systemic therapy in several decades. However, in contrast to its effects on non-SCLC, the advantageous effects of immunotherapy addition are modest in SCLC. In particular, only a small number of SCLC patients benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • 600
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Systemic CD4 Immunity and PD-L1/PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy
PD-L1/PD-1 blockade immunotherapy has changed the therapeutic approaches for the treatment of many cancers. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying its efficacy or treatment failure are still unclear. Proficient systemic immunity seems to be a prerequisite for efficacy, as shown in patients and in mouse models. It is widely accepted that expansion of anti-tumor CD8 T cell populations is principally responsible for anti-tumor responses. In contrast, the role of CD4 T cells has been less studied. 
  • 600
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Clinical Application of CTCs in Solid Tumors
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells shed from the primary tumor into circulation, with clusters of CTCs responsible for cancer metastases. CTC detection and isolation from the bloodstream are based on properties distinguishing CTCs from normal blood cells. CTCs may play significant roles in cancer screening, diagnosis, treatment navigation, including prognostication and precision medicine, and surveillance. 
  • 600
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Proteomics in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynaecologic malignancy among women of advanced age (>40 years), especially in developed countries. The ability to identify ovarian cancer at its earliest stages remains a challenge. Proteomics analysis of OC, as well as their adaptive responses to therapy, can uncover new therapeutic choices, which can reduce the emergence of drug resistance and potentially improve patient outcomes. 
  • 600
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of NGF in Inflammation and Tumor Growth
Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a dual role both in inflammatory states and cancer, acting both as a pro-inflammatory and oncogenic factor and as an anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic mediator in a context-dependent way based on the signaling networks and its interaction with diverse cellular components within the microenvironment.
  • 600
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cardiotoxicity Associated with the Use of Anti-VEGF Therapy
The ability to undergo neoangiogenesis is a common feature with all cancers. Signaling related to vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and their receptors (VEGFR) plays a key role in the process of tumor neoangiogenesis. A close relationship has been demonstrated between excessive VEGF levels and the induction of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. The use of drugs blocking the VEGF function, apart from the anticancer effect, also result in adverse effects, in particular related to the circulatory system and kidneys. Cardiac toxicity associated with the use of such therapy manifests itself mainly in the form of hypertension, thromboembolic episodes and ischemic heart disease. 
  • 600
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Extent of Groin Dissection in Melanoma
Melanoma metastases to the groin are frequently managed by therapeutic lymph node dissection. Evidence is lacking regarding the extent of dissection required. Thus, researchers sought to describe practice patterns for the use of inguinal vs. ilioinguinal dissection, as well as the perioperative/oncologic outcomes of each procedure. 
  • 599
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Metastases Development
Breast cancer is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in women. Early breast cancer has a relatively good prognosis, in contrast to metastatic disease with rather poor outcomes. Metastasis formation in distant organs is a complex process requiring cooperation of numerous cells, growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Tumor growth, invasion, and finally systemic spread are driven by processes of angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, chemotaxis, and coagulation.
  • 599
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
EGFR-TKIs in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Almost 17% of Western patients affected by non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have an activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation. Del19 and L858R are the most-common ones; they are positive predictive factors for EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Osimertinib, a third-generation TKI, is the standard first-line therapy for advanced NSCLC patients with common EGFR mutations.
  • 599
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among all cancer types, resulting in over 1.8 million deaths annually. Immunotherapy utilizing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ICIs, predominantly monoclonal antibodies, modulate co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals crucial for maintaining immune tolerance. Despite significant therapeutic advancements in NSCLC, patients still face challenges such as disease progression, recurrence, and high mortality rates. Therefore, there is a need for predictive biomarkers that can guide lung cancer treatment strategies. 
  • 599
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cell Autophagy in NASH and NASH-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Autophagy, a cellular self-digestion process, involves the degradation of targeted cell components such as damaged organelles, unfolded proteins, and intracellular pathogens by lysosomes. It is a major quality control system of the cell and plays an important role in cell differentiation, survival, development, and homeostasis. Alterations in the cell autophagic machinery have been implicated in several disease conditions, including neurodegeneration, autoimmunity, cancer, infection, inflammatory diseases, and aging. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, including its inflammatory form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a decrease in cell autophagic activity, has been implicated in the initial development and progression of steatosis to NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 
  • 599
  • 03 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma
Urothelial carcinoma is an aggressive cancer with a high risk of metastatic progression. Chemotherapy plays a key role in the management of metastatic urothelial carcinoma, with, however, no possibility of cure.
  • 598
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Drug Treatment for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has high mortality and a high risk of recurrence after radical treatment. It is recognized as the fourth most common cause of death in cancer patients and has been a healthcare burden globally. Unfavorable outcomes are largely due to the asymptomatic presentation of disease until a later stage, and a lack of effective systemic treatments in advanced HCC. For early-stage disease, curative intent treatments include surgery, radiofrequency ablation, and liver transplant. For advanced disease, conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy is ineffective, with limited clinical benefits. In the era before multikinase inhibitors, the overall survival (OS) for HCC patients with advanced disease was expected to be a few months only.
  • 598
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Histone Modification
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2), which trimethylates histone 3 at Lys-27 and regulates the expression of downstream target genes through epigenetic mechanisms.
  • 598
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Indications for Endoscopic Ultrasound
There is growing evidence supporting the substantial, essential and indispensable role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) as a key diagnostic armamentarium for upper GI oncologic surgery.
  • 597
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Radiolabelled Extracellular Vesicles for Precise Targeted Drug Delivery
Extracellular vesicles (ECVs) have been abandoned as bio-inspired drug delivery systems (DDS) in the biomedical field. ECVs have a natural ability to cross over extracellular and intracellular barriers, making them superior to manufactured nanoparticles. Additionally, they have the ability to move beneficial biomolecules among far-flung bodily cells. These advantages and the accomplishment of favorable in vivo results convincingly show the value of ECVs in medication delivery. The usage of ECVs is constantly being improved, as it might be difficult to develop a consistent biochemical strategy that is in line with their useful clinical therapeutic uses. Extracellular vesicles (ECVs) have the potential to enhance the therapy of diseases. Imaging technologies, particularly radiolabelled imaging, have been exploited for non-invasive tracking to better understand their in vivo activity.
  • 597
  • 15 Jun 2023
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