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Topic Review
Reactive Oxygen Species in Development of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a heterogeneous disease with several subtypes that differ in their gene expression, tumor origin, pathway alterations, and pathogenesis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are oxygen ions with unpaired electrons (singlet oxygen 1O2, superoxide O2·−) or oxygen-containing molecules, such as hydroxyl radicals (OH·−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
  • 611
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Characteristics and Peculiarities of the isPMRCC
Isolated pancreatic metastases of renal cell carcinoma (IsPMRCC) are a rare manifestation of metastatic, clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in which distant metastases occur exclusively in the pancreas. In addition to the main symptom of the isolated occurrence of pancreatic metastases, the entity surprises with additional clinical peculiarities: (a) the unusually long interval of about 9 years between the primary RCC and the onset of pancreatic metastases; (b) multiple pancreatic metastases occurring in 36% of cases; (c) favourable treatment outcomes with a 75% 5-year survival rate; and (d) volume and growth-rate dependent risk factors generally accepted to be relevant for overall survival in metastatic surgery are insignificant in isPMRCC.
  • 611
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
An Overview of the Main Rising Driver Alterations
Mesenchymal Epithelial Transition (MET) is a proto-oncogene encoding for a tyrosine kinase receptor that binds hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a protein involved in many crucial processes, including cell survival, migration and invasion. 
  • 610
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Organoids in Precision Medicine for PDAC
Despite recent therapeutic advances, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most aggressive malignancies, with remarkable resistance to treatment, poor prognosis, and poor clinical outcome. More efficient therapeutic approaches are urgently needed to improve patients’ survival. The development of organoid culture systems has gained substantial attention as an emerging preclinical research model. PDAC organoids have been developed to study pancreatic cancer biology, progression, and treatment response, filling the translational gap between in vitro and in vivo models
  • 610
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Deciphering the Signaling Mechanisms of Osteosarcoma Tumorigenesis
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the predominant primary bone tumor in the pediatric and adolescent populations. It has high metastatic potential, with the lungs being the most common site of metastasis. In contrast to many other sarcomas, OS lacks conserved translocations or genetic mutations; instead, it has heterogeneous abnormalities, including somatic DNA copy number alteration, ploidy, chromosomal amplification, and chromosomal loss and gain.
  • 610
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
CD133 as a Functional Unit in Glioblastoma
Biomarkers for resistance in Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are lacking, and progress in the clinic has been slow to arrive. CD133 (prominin-1) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein on the surface of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that has been associated with poor prognosis, therapy resistance, and tumor recurrence in GBM. Due to its connection to CSCs, to which tumor resistance and recurrence have been partially attributed in GBM, there is a growing field of research revolving around the potential role of CD133 in each of these processes. However, despite encouraging results in vitro and in vivo, the biological interplay of CD133 with these components is still unclear, causing a lack of clinical application. In parallel, omic data from biospecimens that include CD133 are beginning to emerge, increasing the importance of understanding CD133 for the effective use of these highly dimensional data sets. Given the significant mechanistic overlap, prioritization of the most robust findings is necessary to optimize the transition of CD133 to clinical applications using patient-derived biospecimens. 
  • 610
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Orexinergic System
The orexinergic system is involved in the control of the sleep/waking cycle, and it has been reported that cancer and cancer-related inflammatory mechanisms are associated with fatigue and sleep disruption. A bidirectional relationship between cancer and sleep occurs, and circadian rhythm disorders are a risk factor for some cancers. Thus, drugs targeting orexin receptors and administered for the treatment of sleep disorders could also be used against certain tumors.
  • 609
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Overweight and Checkpoint Inhibitor for Gynecologic Cancer
Checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) marked a paradigm shift in the therapy of a variety of advanced solid tumors, CPIs were successfully implemented as first-line options for many non-gynecologic malignancies, such as malignant melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), or renal cell cancer.
  • 608
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Radiolabelled Extracellular Vesicles for Precise Targeted Drug Delivery
Extracellular vesicles (ECVs) have been abandoned as bio-inspired drug delivery systems (DDS) in the biomedical field. ECVs have a natural ability to cross over extracellular and intracellular barriers, making them superior to manufactured nanoparticles. Additionally, they have the ability to move beneficial biomolecules among far-flung bodily cells. These advantages and the accomplishment of favorable in vivo results convincingly show the value of ECVs in medication delivery. The usage of ECVs is constantly being improved, as it might be difficult to develop a consistent biochemical strategy that is in line with their useful clinical therapeutic uses. Extracellular vesicles (ECVs) have the potential to enhance the therapy of diseases. Imaging technologies, particularly radiolabelled imaging, have been exploited for non-invasive tracking to better understand their in vivo activity.
  • 608
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pharmacotherapy for NSCLC with IP
Of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 5–10% have interstitial pneumonia (IP) at the time of diagnosis and have a worse prognosis than those without IP. Meanwhile, the complication rate of lung cancer in patients with idiopathic IPs (IIPs) is also 7–14 times higher than that in patients without IIPs. Among IIPs, the frequency of lung cancer complications varies, with Kreuter et al. reporting 15.8% for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 6.3% for nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), and 5.6% for cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. In the treatment of NSCLC with comorbid IP, it is necessary to consider not only the prognosis of NSCLC but also the prognosis of comorbid IP itself.
  • 608
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Systemic CD4 Immunity and PD-L1/PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy
PD-L1/PD-1 blockade immunotherapy has changed the therapeutic approaches for the treatment of many cancers. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying its efficacy or treatment failure are still unclear. Proficient systemic immunity seems to be a prerequisite for efficacy, as shown in patients and in mouse models. It is widely accepted that expansion of anti-tumor CD8 T cell populations is principally responsible for anti-tumor responses. In contrast, the role of CD4 T cells has been less studied. 
  • 607
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Theranostics for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with poor prognosis. Current endocrine therapy or anti HER-2 therapy is not available for these patients. Chemotherapeutic treatment response varies among patients due to the disease heterogeneity. Anticancer material conjugated nanoparticles with target-binding ligand and tracer agents enable simultaneous drug delivery and visualization of the lesion with minimal off-target toxicity.
  • 607
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among all cancer types, resulting in over 1.8 million deaths annually. Immunotherapy utilizing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ICIs, predominantly monoclonal antibodies, modulate co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals crucial for maintaining immune tolerance. Despite significant therapeutic advancements in NSCLC, patients still face challenges such as disease progression, recurrence, and high mortality rates. Therefore, there is a need for predictive biomarkers that can guide lung cancer treatment strategies. 
  • 606
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Drug Treatment for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has high mortality and a high risk of recurrence after radical treatment. It is recognized as the fourth most common cause of death in cancer patients and has been a healthcare burden globally. Unfavorable outcomes are largely due to the asymptomatic presentation of disease until a later stage, and a lack of effective systemic treatments in advanced HCC. For early-stage disease, curative intent treatments include surgery, radiofrequency ablation, and liver transplant. For advanced disease, conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy is ineffective, with limited clinical benefits. In the era before multikinase inhibitors, the overall survival (OS) for HCC patients with advanced disease was expected to be a few months only.
  • 605
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticulate for Active or Passive Photosensitizer Drug Delivery
Numerous treatments are available for cancer, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, biomarker testing, surgery, photodynamic therapy, etc. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective, non-invasive, novel, and clinically approved strategy to treat cancer. In PDT, three main agents are utilized, i.e., photosensitizer (PS) drug, oxygen, and light. At first, the photosensitizer is injected into blood circulation or applied topically, where it quickly becomes absorbed or accumulated at the tumor site passively or actively. 
  • 605
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Histone Modification
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2), which trimethylates histone 3 at Lys-27 and regulates the expression of downstream target genes through epigenetic mechanisms.
  • 605
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Difficulties in Developing HER2-Targeted Therapy for Gastric Cancer
Advances in novel drugs and sequencing technologies have made biomarker-based, personalized, and effective treatment options available for patients with various types of solid tumor. Biomarker-based targeted therapy has dramatically changed the treatment of various cancers, such as non-small cell lung cancer. The first biomarker to be developed as a therapeutic target in gastric adenocarcinoma and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (hereafter, gastric cancer) was human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2). Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that belongs to the human epidermal growth factor receptor family. It is overexpressed/amplified in approximately 20% of gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancers. HER2 is being developed as a therapeutic target in a variety of cancers, and several agents have been shown to be effective in breast cancer.
  • 605
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumors
Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors (PMT) are rare neoplasms, which can give rise to a multifaceted syndrome, otherwise called tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO). Localizing these tumors is crucial to obtain a cure for the phosphate metabolism derangement, which is often the main cause leading the patient to seek medical help, because of invalidating physical and neuromuscular symptoms.
  • 605
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Proteomics in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynaecologic malignancy among women of advanced age (>40 years), especially in developed countries. The ability to identify ovarian cancer at its earliest stages remains a challenge. Proteomics analysis of OC, as well as their adaptive responses to therapy, can uncover new therapeutic choices, which can reduce the emergence of drug resistance and potentially improve patient outcomes. 
  • 605
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Type 2 Cystatins in Human Immune and Cancer
Type 2 cystatins are a group of small secreted protease inhibitors that regulate cysteine protease cathepsins and legumain. These enzymes regulate important cellular processes that are linked to the immune response and tumor progression, playing important roles in both autoimmune diseases and various types of cancers. Cysteine cathepsins are associated with the development of autoimmune diseases, tumor progression, and metastasis. Cystatins are categorized into three subfamilies: type 1, type 2, and type 3. The type 2 cystatin subfamily is the largest, containing 10 members, and consists entirely of small secreted proteins. Although type 2 cystatins have many shared biological roles, each member differs in structure, post-translational modifications (e.g., glycosylation), and expression in different cell types. These distinctions allow the type 2 cystatins to have unique biological functions and properties.
  • 605
  • 01 Dec 2023
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