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Topic Review
Mitochondria in Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection
Regular exercise is associated with pronounced health benefits. The molecular processes involved in physiological adaptations to exercise are best understood in skeletal muscle. Enhanced mitochondrial functions in muscle are central to exercise-induced adaptations. However, regular exercise also benefits the brain and is a major protective factor against neurodegenerative diseases, such as the most common age-related form of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, or the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder, Parkinson’s disease. 
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Zinc Metalloproteins
Many proteins with zinc-binding domains (ZBDs) are involved in epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, which regulate transcription in physiological and pathological conditions. Zinc metalloproteins in epigenetics are mainly zinc metalloenzymes and zinc finger proteins (ZFPs), classified into writers, erasers, readers, editors, and feeders. Altogether, these classes of proteins engage in crosstalk that fundamentally maintains the epigenome's modus operandi. 
  • 1.4K
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Sleep in Disorders of Consciousness
Consciousness is a multifaceted concept, involving both wakefulness, i.e., a condition of being alert that is regulated by the brainstem, and awareness, a subjective experience of any thoughts or perception or emotion. Disorders of consciousness (DOC) are usually caused by a severe acquired brain injury that leads to a loss of consciousness lasting at least 24 h. The management of sleep disorders in DOC patients is an increasingly hot topic and deserves careful diagnosis, to allow for the most accurate prognosis and the best medical treatment possible.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity can be defined as the ability of the nervous system to modify its structure on the basis of different environmental changes and stimulation.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Freezing of Gait
Parkinson Disease (PD) primarily affects older adults. It is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. Freezing of Gait (FoG) is a symptom present in approximately 80% of advanced-stage PD’s patients. FoG episodes alter the continuity of gait, and may be the cause of falls that can lead to injuries and even death. The recent advances in the development of hardware and software systems for the monitoring, stimulus, or rehabilitation of patients with FoG has been of great interest to researchers because detection and minimization of the duration of FoG events is an important factor in improving the quality of life. 
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Tetrodotoxin for Neuropathic&Cancer Pain Relief
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin found mainly in puffer fish and other marine and terrestrial animals. TTX blocks voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) which are typically classified as TTX-sensitive or TTX-resistant channels. VGSCs play a key role in pain signaling and some TTX-sensitive VGSCs are highly expressed by adult primary sensory neurons. During pathological pain conditions, such as neuropathic pain, upregulation of some TTX-sensitive VGSCs, including the massive re-expression of the embryonic VGSC subtype NaV1.3 in adult primary sensory neurons, contribute to painful hypersensitization. In addition, people with loss-of-function mutations in the VGSC subtype NaV1.7 present congenital insensitive to pain. TTX displays a prominent analgesic effect in several models of neuropathic pain in rodents. According to this promising preclinical evidence, TTX is currently under clinical development for chemo-therapy-induced neuropathic pain and cancer-related pain.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Phenols to Prevent Neurodegeneration
Aging causes changes in brain tissue homeostasis, thus contributing to the development of neurodegenerative disorders. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds are of particular interest for neurodegenerative diseases whose psychopathological mechanisms strongly rely on oxidative stress at the brain level. Moreover, phenolic compounds display other advantages such as the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the interesting molecular mechanisms.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Pharmacological Background of Agave Species
The Agavaceae Endl. Family is distributed in the American continent, among the United States, Central America and the Antilles. In Mexico, approximately 342 species are recognized, and are distributed among eight different genera: Agave L., Beschorneria Kunth, Furcraea Vent., Hesperaloe Engelm., Manfreda Salisb., Polianthes L., Prochnyanthes S. Watson and Yucca L. The Agave genus is mostly distributed in Mexico, where approximately 75% of these species are located.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Insulin in the Brain
Insulin action in the brain regulates several processes including energy expenditure, glucose homeostasis, feeding behavior and satiety, reward pathways, reproduction, cell proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, insulin has neuroprotective and neuromodulatory properties and plays a crucial role in neuronal transmission and survival, neurogenesis, plasticity, and memory and cognition.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Mimics of Leptomeningeal Disease
Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is commonly characterized as the metastatic involvement of various meningeal regions—the arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, and pia mater—defined as the leptomeningeal layer. LMD can stem from non-cancerous pathologies, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or meningitis with subsequent inflammation and infection, respectively. Clinically, the presentation of LMD includes non-specific, generalized neurological symptoms, such as headaches, confusion, seizures, and radiculopathy, among others.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Activity-Dependent Neuroprotective Protein
The activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), a double-edged sword, sex-dependently regulates multiple genes and was previously associated with the control of early muscle development and aging.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Aducanumab for Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Aducanumab is a human monoclonal antibody that works to reduce Aβ load in the brain; it is the first disease-modifying therapy to be approved for AD treatment. Current AD treatment is centered on supportive care to manage the debilitating symptoms of dementia, and pharmacotherapy goals of mainstay classes of drugs, such as cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, do not modify the course of the disease. A substantial proportion of patients with Alzheimer’s disease live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and the debilitating effects of this disease exerts burdens on patients and caregivers in addition to the significant economic strains many nations bear.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Optic Flow in Postural Control
Optic flow stimuli are crucial for the control of stance in the upright position. The visual control of posture has recently received a lot of interest from several researchers. One of the most intriguing aspects is the contribution of the different parts of the visual field in the control of stance.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease
The pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease is death of dopaminergic neurons as a result of changes in biological activity in the brain with respect to Parkinson's disease (PD). There are several proposed mechanisms for neuronal death in PD; however, not all of them are well understood. Five proposed major mechanisms for neuronal death in Parkinson's Disease include protein aggregation in Lewy bodies, disruption of autophagy, changes in cell metabolism or mitochondrial function, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown resulting in vascular leakiness.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Alzheimer’s Disease and Tau Self-Assembly
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, apathy, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Two main pathological hallmarks have been described: neurofibrillary tangles, consisting of tau oligomers (hyperphosphorylated tau) and Aβ plaques. The influence of protein kinases and phosphatases on the hyperphosphorylation of tau is already known. Hyperphosphorylated tau undergoes conformational changes that promote its self-assembly. 
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review Video
Mild-to-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major global public health problem. Neurological damage from TBI may be mild, moderate, or severe and occurs both immediately at the time of impact (primary injury) and continues to evolve afterwards (secondary injury). In mild (m)TBI, common symptoms are headaches, dizziness, and fatigue. Visual impairment is especially prevalent. Insomnia, attentional deficits and memory problems often occur. While symptoms resolve spontaneously in many, residual effects may linger for months or years in some mTBI patients. Optimally, the goal of any intervention is a return to baseline uninjured functioning with restoration of the ability to conduct daily activities.  
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Neuroprotection and Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation
Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) techniques, such as transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and repetitive Magnetic Transcranial Stimulation (rTMS), are well-known non-pharmacological approaches to improve both motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Their use is of particular interest especially for the treatment of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), as well as axial disturbances in Parkinson’s (PD), where conventional pharmacological therapies show very mild and short-lasting effects. However, their ability to interfere with disease progression over time is not well understood; recent evidence suggests that NIBS may have a neuroprotective effect, thus slowing disease progression and modulating the aggregation state of pathological proteins. 
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Astrocytic GABAergic Regulation in Alcohol Use
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Most GABAergic neurons synthesize GABA from glutamate and release it in the synaptic cleft in the CNS. However, astrocytes can also synthesize and release GABA, activating GABA receptors in the neighboring neurons in physiological and pathological conditions. As the primary homeostatic glial cells in the brain, astrocytes play a crucial role in regulating GABA homeostasis and synaptic neurotransmission. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that astrocytic GABA dysregulation is implicated in psychiatric disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), the most prevalent co-occurring psychiatric disorders. 
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Brain Functional Correlates of Resting Hypnosis and Hypnotizability
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and structural MRI investigations offer complementary insights into the distinctive frontal functioning associated with high hypnotizability. Studies indicate that individuals with high hypnotizability display more pronounced reductions in activation of the medial prefrontal or dorsal anterior cingulate cortex following neutral hypnotic induction than their low hypnotizable ones. Moreover, research has disclosed that induction-specific reductions in the activation of the Default Mode Network (DMN) regions correspond to spontaneous changes in cognitive and perceptual states, and the state of attentional absorption during a hypnotic induction has been associated with reduced DMN activity and increased prefrontal attentional system activity.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Alpha-Synuclein
Alpha-Synuclein (α-syn) has strong connection with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is considered the most common disorder of synucleinopathy, which is characterised by intracellular inclusions of aggregated and misfolded α-syn protein in various brain regions, and the loss of dopaminergic neurons. During the early prodromal phase of PD, synaptic alterations happen before cell death, which is linked to the synaptic accumulation of toxic α-syn specifically in the presynaptic terminals, affecting neurotransmitter release. The oligomers and protofibrils of α-syn are the most toxic species, and their overexpression impairs the distribution and activation of synaptic proteins, such as the SNARE complex, preventing neurotransmitter exocytosis and neuronal synaptic communication. In the last few years, the role of the immune system in PD has been increasingly considered. Microglial and astrocyte activation, the gene expression of proinflammatory factors, and the infiltration of immune cells from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS) represent the main features of the inflammatory response. One of the actors of these processes is α-syn accumulation.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Jun 2021
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