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Topic Review
PPARδ/FOXO1 Mediate CHO Oxidation Inhibition
The mechanisms behind the reduction in muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) controlled carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation during chronic high-fat dietary intake (HFDI) are poorly understood, as is the basis of CHO oxidation restoration during muscle contraction. To get an insight into these mechanisms, C2C12 myotubes were treated with palmitate or without (control) for 16 hrs in the presence and absence of electrical pulse stimulation (EPS). Compared to control, palmitate reduced cell glucose uptake, PDC activity, acetylcarnitine accumulation and glucose-derived mitochondrial ATP production and increased PDK4, PPARa and PPARd  protein expression and reduced the whole-cell p-FOXO1/t-FOXO1 ratio. Conversely, chronic EPS rescued palmitate-induced inhibition of CHO oxidation, reflected by increased glucose uptake, PDC activity and glucose-derived mitochondrial ATP production compared to palmitate alone. EPS was also associated with less PDK4 and PPARd proteins, and lower nuclear p-FOXO1/t-FOXO1 ratio normalised to the cytoplasmic ratio, but with no changes in PPARa protein. Collectively, these data suggest that HFDI reduces the rate of CHO oxidation through inhibition of PDC activity and its flux by PPARd and FOXO1 transcription factors meditated rise in PDK4 protein. Conversely, EPS rescued these metabolic events by modulating the same transcription factors.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Helix
Helices are the most common secondary structural elements in many functional proteins and have attracted much interest when examining the formation kinetics from a coil structure. Measurements describing the timescale to a helix from a coiled structure have been substantially improved with the availability of spectrophotometers with a dramatically improved time resolution. Early studies showed that helix–coil transitions occur in the 100-nanosecond range with a model helix near room temperature.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Mathematical Descriptions to Study Mangroves
Mathematical formulations based on empirical knowledge and statistics or dimensional analysis to study the behavior of mangroves, providing information about their flux processes and environmental interactions including the most influential variables. Among these interactions, formulations regarding carbon sequestration, below-ground biomass, and annual mangrove growth can be encountered in literature.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Basic Amino Acids and SARS-CoV-2
Amino acids have been implicated with virus infection and replication. Here, we demonstrate the effects of two basic amino acids, arginine and lysine, and their ester derivatives on infection of two enveloped viruses, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza A virus. We found that lysine and its ester derivative can efficiently block infection of both viruses in vitro. Furthermore, the arginine ester derivative caused a significant boost in virus infection. Studies on their mechanism of action revealed that the compounds potentially disturb virus uncoating rather than virus attachment and endosomal acidification. Our findings suggest that lysine supplementation and the reduction of arginine-rich food intake can be considered as prophylactic and therapeutic regimens against these viruses while also providing a paradigm for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Sirtuins in Kidney Diseases
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are class III histone deacetylases (HDACs) that play important roles in aging and a wide range of cellular functions. Sirtuins are crucial to numerous biological processes, including proliferation, DNA repair, mitochondrial energy homeostasis, and antioxidant activity. Mammals have seven different sirtuins, SIRT1–7, and the diverse biological functions of each sirtuin are due to differences in subcellular localization, expression profiles, and cellular substrates. In this review, we summarize research advances into the role of sirtuins in the pathogenesis of various kidney diseases including acute kidney injury, diabetic kidney disease, renal fibrosis, and kidney aging along with the possible underlying molecular mechanisms. The available evidence indicates that sirtuins have great potential as novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of kidney diseases.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome
The genetic landscape of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is dramatically changing. Extended genetic testing is a key tool in understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and in identifying a precise etiology, with important implications in the clinical management of patients. However, forward genetics (i.e. moving from phenotype to genotype) is frequently insufficient. In this view, advancing and finishing diagnostic strategies, including reverse genetics and phenocopies identification, is pivotal in improving the approach to patients with SRNS. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
ZMYND8
Zinc finger myeloid, nervy, and deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor 1-type containing 8 (Zinc finger MYND-type containing 8, ZMYND8) is a transcription factor, a histone H3-interacting protein, and a putative chromatin reader/effector that plays an essential role in regulating transcription during normal cellular growth. Mutations and altered expression of ZMYND8 are associated with the development and progression of cancer. Increased expression of ZMYND8 is linked to breast, prostate, colorectal, and cervical cancers. It exerts pro-oncogenic effects in breast and prostate cancers, and it promotes angiogenesis in zebrafish, as well as in breast and prostate cancers. In contrast, downregulation of ZMYND8 is also reported in breast, prostate, and nasopharyngeal cancers. ZMYND8 acts as a tumor suppressor in breast and prostate cancers, and it inhibits tumor growth by promoting differentiation; inhibiting proliferation, cell-cycle progression, invasiveness, and metastasis; and maintaining the epithelial phenotype in various types of cancers. These data together suggest that ZMYND8 is important in tumorigenesis; however, the existing data are contradictory. More studies are necessary to clarify the exact role of ZMYND8 in tumorigenesis. In the future, regulation of expression/activity of ZMYND8 and/or its binding partners may become useful in treating cancer.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Regulation of MYBs in Lignification
The regulation of transcription factors on plants is not single but is regulated by levels of transcription factors at different levels, forming a huge regulatory network and playing a regulatory role. So, what is the regulation between MYB transcription factor and plant secondary wall synthesis? Next, we will try to explain it in detail. In this part, we discuss first the regulation of SCW biosynthesis by MYB46/83 as the second main switch. Next, we consider how other MYB TFs regulate cell-wall biosynthesis in plants.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Bile Salt Hydrolases
Bile salt hydrolase (BSH; EC 3.5.1.24) is an enzyme produced by the intestinal microbiota that catalyzes the hydrolysis of amide bonds in conjugated BAs, resulting in the release of free amino acids. These enzymes belong to the N-terminal nucleophilic (Ntn) hydrolase superfamily and share a similar αββα-core structure to an N-terminal catalytic cysteine residue. This residue is critical to the catalysis mechanism and acts both as a nucleophile and a proton donor. The N-terminal amino group serves as the proton acceptor and activates the nucleophilic thiol group of the cysteine side chain. Besides the cysteine residue, other amino acids conserved in most BSHs are also relevant to the catalytic reaction, including Arg18, Asp21, Asn82, Asn175, and Arg228.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Nanofluids Usage in Solar Energy
Nanofluids not only enhance (in most of the cases) the thermal efficiency, convection heat transfer coefficient, and exergy efficiency of the system but also can decrease the entropy generation of the system.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mining for Gluon Saturation
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of strong interactions of quarks and gluons collectively called partons, the basic constituents of all nuclear matter. Its non-abelian character manifests in nature in the form of two remarkable properties: color confinement and asymptotic freedom. At high energies, perturbation theory can result in the growth and dominance of very gluon densities at small-x. If left uncontrolled, this growth can result in gluons eternally growing violating a number of mathematical bounds. The resolution to this problem lies by balancing gluon emissions by recombinating gluons at high energies : phenomena of gluon saturation. High energy nuclear and particle physics experiments have spent the past decades quantifying the structure of protons and nuclei in terms of their fundamental constituents confirming predicted extraordinary behavior of matter at extreme density and pressure conditions. In the process they have also measured seemingly unexpected phenomena. We will give a state of the art review of the underlying theoretical and experimental tools and measurements pertinent to gluon saturation physics. We will argue for the need of high energy electron-proton/ion colliders such as the proposed EIC (USA) and LHeC (Europe) to consolidate our knowledge of QCD in the small x kinematic domains. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Wind Turbine Icing Modelling Approaches
In this entry, a comprehensive review of wind turbine icing modelling is presented. The commonly applied approaches and the recent advances have been reported based on a systematic and concise literature review. The paper presents a panorama of the current modelling and simulation studies dealing with different aspects of ice accretion on wind turbines.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Extremophilic Microorganisms in Central Europe
“Extremophiles”, first introduced in 1974, describes organisms that thrive in environments where one or more physical or chemical parameters are beyond most organisms’ normal optimal range. They can be broadly separated into two categories: extremophilic organisms that require one or more extreme conditions to grow and extremotolerant organisms that can tolerate harsh conditions but grow optimally in a milder environment
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Polysaccharide-Based Active Coatings
Polysaccharide-based active coatings supplemented with plant extracts such as cashew leaves, pomegranate peel, red roselle, apple fiber, and green tea extracts rich in phenolic compounds and their derivatives have been reported to be excellent substituents to replace chemically formulated wax coatings.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Langmuir–Blodgett Graphene-Based Films
The prevalence of photosynthesis, as the major natural solar energy transduction mechanism or biophotovoltaics (BPV), has always intrigued mankind. The development of high performance and durable BPVs is dependent on upgraded anode materials with electrochemically dynamic nanostructures. However, the current challenges in the optimization of anode materials remain significant barriers towards the development of commercially viable technology. Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film has been substantiated as an efficacious film-forming technique to tackle the above limitations of algal BPVs; however, the aforesaid technology remains vastly untapped in BPVs.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Designer Ecosystems for the Anthropocene
Accepting that nature and culture are intricately co-evolved has profound implications for the ethical, legal, philosophical and pragmatic dimensions of social and environmental policy. The way researchers think about nature affects how they understand and manage ecosystems. While the ideals of preserving wilderness and conserving ecosystems have motivated much conservation effort to date, achieving these ideals may not be feasible under Anthropocene conditions unless communities accept custodial responsibilities for landscapes and other species.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Gas Sensors Based on Titanium Oxides
Nanostructured titanium compounds have recently been applied in the design of gas sensors. Among titanium compounds, titanium oxides (TiO2) are the most frequently used in gas sensing devices. Very recently, the applicability of non-stoichiometric titanium oxide (TiO2−x)-based layers for the design of gas sensors was demonstrated. The most promising titanium compounds and hetero- and nano-structures based on these compounds are discussed and the possibility to tune the sensitivity and selectivity of titanium compound-based sensing layers is addressed.  
  • 1.3K
  • 28 May 2022
Topic Review
Post-Pandemic Stress Disorder (COVID-19)
 The COVID-19 pandemic has undoubtedly affected the mental health of the population to a great extent and even left a permanent mark on it. Because the fear of something unknown, which is certainly the pandemic of a new coronavirus announced by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020, contributes to the manifestation of anxiety symptoms in society, it thus initially worsens the state of mental health, even of healthy people.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Background of Network Function Virtualization
Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is a virtual network model, the goal of which is a cost-efficient transition of the hardware infrastructure into a flexible and reliable software platform.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Interference in B5G Network Design
Beyond Fifth Generation (B5G) networks are expected to be the most efficient cellular wireless networks with greater capacity, lower latency, and higher speed than the current networks. Key enabling technologies, such as millimeter-wave (mm-wave), beamforming, Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (M-MIMO), Device-to-Device (D2D), Relay Node (RN), and Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) are essential to enable the new network to keep growing. In the forthcoming wireless networks with massive random deployment, frequency re-use strategies and multiple low power nodes, severe interference issues will impact the system. Consequently, interference management represents the main challenge for future wireless networks, commonly referred to as B5G.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2022
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