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Topic Review
Metabolism and Epigenetic-Modification in MDSCs
       Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are major immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). During the differentiation and development of MDSCs from myeloid progenitor cells, their functions are also affected by a series of regulatory factors in the TME, such as metabolic reprogramming, epigenetic modification, and cell signaling pathways. And there is a crosstalk between these regulatory factors. In cancer, there are important bidirectional regulatory mechanisms between metabolic remodeling and epigenome. Most chromatin modifying enzymes require cell metabolic intermediates as substrates or cofactors. In turn, epigenetic modifications regulate cell metabolism and function to some extent. The regulation between   metabolism and epigenetic modification of MDSCs can be achieved through signaling pathways related to AMPK and HIF-1α，etc.
  • 741
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Fast Prototyping Microfluidics
Microfluidic (MF) advancements have been leveraged toward the development of state-of-the-art platforms for molecular diagnostics, where isothermal amplification schemes allow for further simplification of DNA detection and quantification protocols. The MF integration with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is today the focus of a new generation of chip-based devices for molecular detection, aiming at fast and automated nucleic acid analysis. Here, we combined MF with droplet digital LAMP (ddLAMP) on an all-in-one device that allows for droplet generation, target amplification, and absolute quantification. This multilayer 3D chip was developed in less than 30 minutes by using a low-cost and extremely adaptable production process that exploits direct laser writing technology in “Shrinky-dinks” polystyrene sheets. ddLAMP and target quantification were performed directly on-chip, showing a high correlation between target concentration and positive droplet score. We validated this integrated chip via the amplification of targets ranging from five to 500,000 copies/reaction. Furthermore, on-chip amplification was performed in a 10 µL volume, attaining a limit of detection of five copies/µL under 60 min. This technology was applied to quantify a cancer biomarker, c-MYC, but it can be further extended to any other disease biomarker.
  • 741
  • 25 Jan 2021
Topic Review
In Silico and Cervical Cancer
High-Risk (HR) HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins are considered biomarkers in cervical cancer progression. Several small molecules (plant-derived or synthetic compounds) have been reported as blockers/inhibitors of E6 oncoprotein action, and computational-aided methods have shown of high relevance in their discovery and development. In silico approaches have become a powerful tool for reducing the time and cost of the drug development process.
  • 741
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Altered Pathways in Fabry Disease
Fabry disease is a rare X-linked disease characterized by deficient expression and activity of alpha-galactosidase A (α-GalA) with consequent lysosomal accumulation of glycosphingolipid in various organs. Enzyme replacement therapy is the cornerstone of the treatment of all Fabry patients, although in the long-term it fails to completely halt the disease’s progression. This suggests on one hand that the adverse outcomes cannot be justified only by the lysosomal accumulation of glycosphingolipids and on the other that additional therapies targeted at specific secondary mechanisms might contribute to halt the progression of cardiac, cerebrovascular, and renal disease that occur in Fabry patients. 
  • 741
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Strategies to Target Myofibroblasts for Scarless Skin Healing
Myofibroblasts have drawn much attention among scientific research communities from multiple disciplines and specialisations. As further research uncovers the characterisations of myofibroblast formation, function, and regulation, the realisation of novel interventional routes for myofibroblasts within pathologies has emerged. The research community is approaching the means to finally target these cells, to prevent fibrosis, accelerate scarless wound healing, and attenuate associated disease-processes in clinical settings.
  • 741
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Neprilysin Inhibition
Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) treatment reduces functional mitral regurgitation (MR) to a greater extent than angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) treatment alone, but the mechanism is unclear.
  • 740
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Landscape of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) arise from the uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in bone marrow. As with all tumors, the development of MPNs is a consequence of alterations in malignant cells and their interaction with other extrinsic factors that support and promote tumor progression. Since the discovery of driver mutations, much work has focused on studying and reviewing the genomic features of the disease but has neglected to delve into the important role that many other mechanisms may play. 
  • 740
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Sirtuin 1 in Male Germ Cells
Reproduction is the way to immortality for an individual, and it is essential to the continuation of the species. Sirtuins are involved in cellular homeostasis, energy metabolism, apoptosis, age-related problems, and sexual reproduction. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) belongs to the sirtuin family of deacetylases, and it is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase. It removes the acetyl group from a variety of substrates. SIRT1 regulates endocrine/metabolic, reproductive, and placental development by deacetylating histone, different transcription factors, and signal transduction molecules in a variety of cellular processes. It also plays a very important role in the synthesis and secretion of sex hormones via regulating the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Moreover, SIRT1 participates in several key stages of spermatogenesis and sperm maturation. 
  • 739
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Exosomes in Breast Cancer
In women, breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (24.5%) and the leading cause of cancer death (15.5%). Exosomes are long-range message vesicles that mediate communication between cells in physiological conditions but also in pathology, such as breast cancer. 
  • 739
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Benzodiazepine Modulation of GABAA Receptors
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are a class of widely prescribed psychotropic drugs that target GABAA receptors (GABAARs) to tune inhibitory synaptic signaling throughout the central nervous system. Despite knowing their molecular target, the researchers still do not fully understand the mechanism of modulation at the level of the channel protein. Nonetheless, functional studies, together with cryo-EM structures of GABAA(α1)2(βX)2(γ2)1 receptors in complex with BZDs, provide a wealth of information to aid in addressing this gap in knowledge. 
  • 738
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Conductive Polymer in the Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have revolutionized energy harvesting and active sensing, holding tremendous potential in personalized healthcare, sustainable diagnoses, and green energy applications. In these scenarios, conductive polymers play a vital role in enhancing the performance of both TENG and TENG-based biosensors, enabling the development of flexible, wearable, and highly sensitive diagnostic devices.
  • 738
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Repetitive Sequence Transcription in Breast Cancer
Repetitive sequences represent about half of the human genome. They are actively transcribed and play a role during development and in epigenetic regulation. The altered activity of repetitive sequences can lead to genomic instability and they can contribute to the establishment or the progression of degenerative diseases and cancer transformation. Increased levels of heterochromatic repetitive satellite-coded RNAs in mammary glands induce breast tumor formation in mice, altering the BRCA1-associated protein networks that are required for the proper stabilization of DNA replication forks that in turn lead to genomic instability. In humans, patients with breast cancer that express high levels of RNA derived from alpha satellite have an increased risk of developing multiple cancers.
  • 737
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Lipidomics of Marine Invertebrates
Marine invertebrates are a paraphyletic group that comprises more than 90% of all marine animal species. Lipids form the structural basis of cell membranes, are utilized as an energy reserve by all marine invertebrates, and are, therefore, considered important indicators of their ecology and biochemistry. The nutritional value of commercial invertebrates directly depends on their lipid composition. The lipid classes and fatty acids of marine invertebrates have been studied in detail, but data on their lipidomes (the profiles of all lipid molecules) remain very limited. To date, lipidomes or their parts are known only for a few species of mollusks, coral polyps, ascidians, jellyfish, sea anemones, sponges, sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, crabs, copepods, shrimp, and squid.
  • 735
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
CXCL12 in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common malignancy of the pancreas, accounts for 3% of all cancers and 7% of cancer-related deaths and is expected to claim 48,220 lives in 2021 in the US (American Cancer Society). Despite continued scientific efforts, the 5-year survival rate of all surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) stages combined remains a dismal 10% (American Cancer Society). Surgery remains the only curative option for PDAC patients.  CXCL12, a member of the CXC family of chemokines, is secreted by the activated fibroblasts (for which we use the terms aPSCs and CAFs interchangeably in this review) of the TME and is a crucial mediator reported to contribute to growth and metastasis in PDAC and several other solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and breast, ovarian, and colorectal carcinomas. CXCL12 has a pervasive influence in PDAC by increasing proliferation, enhancing invasion and metastasis, and promoting chemoresistance and immune evasion of tumor cells.
  • 735
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Peptides and Protein Hydrolysates as Lipoxygenase Inhibitors
Lipoxygenases are non-heme iron-containing enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in the production of lipid hydroperoxides, which are precursors of inflammatory lipid mediators. These enzymes are widely distributed in humans, other eukaryotes, and cyanobacteria. Lipoxygenases hold promise as therapeutic targets for several human diseases, including cancer and inflammation-related disorders. Inhibitors of lipoxygenase have potential applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food. Bioactive peptides are short amino acid sequences embedded within parent proteins, which can be released by enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, and gastrointestinal digestion. A wide variety of bioactivities have been documented for protein hydrolysates and peptides derived from different biological sources. 
  • 734
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Exosomal microRNAs Fuctions in HCC
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the second most common cause of cancer-related death globally. This type of liver cancer is frequently detected at a late stage by current biomarkers because of the high clinical and biological heterogeneity of HCC tumours. From a plethora of molecules and cellular compounds, small nanoparticles with an endosomal origin are valuable cancer biomarkers or cargos for novel treatments. Despite their small sizes, in the range of 40–150 nm, these particles are delimited by a lipid bilayer membrane with a specific lipid composition and carry functional information—RNA, proteins, miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), or DNA fragments.
  • 733
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Ferritins of Sponges
Ferritins comprise a conservative family of proteins found in all species and play an essential role in resistance to redox stress, immune response, and cell differentiation. Sponges (Porifera) are the oldest Metazoa that show unique plasticity and regenerative potential. 
  • 732
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress on Chicken Ovary
Poultry ovary is a classic model for studying ovarian biology, follicular development and ovarian cancer. Long-term egg production (also aging in human) or other stress factors induced oxidative stress to cause follicle atresia, which may be the fundamental reason for reducing the fertility; however, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and changes in microbiota, ovary function and its biomarkers remains limited. Oxidative stress refers to elevated intracellular levels of ROS derived from cellular metabolism or environmental stimuli that cause peroxidation of unsaturated lipids in cell membranes and oxidation of proteins, DNA, and steroid components, leading to further damage of the cell integrity and normal functions (Martínez-Álvarez et al., 2005; Michael et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2018). Oxidative stress has been proven to be linked to internal metabolism for aging (Yeh et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2019), many environmental stressors and chemical toxicants (gamma radiation, mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, etc.) and health disorders (José et al., 2013; Celi and Gabai, 2015; Luoguori et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019; Paithankar et al., 2021). Moreover, a large number of studies have shown that an excessive increase in ROS production will induce rapid primordial follicle loss and follicular atresia to lead to reproductive dysfunction (Gupta et al., 2006; Tanabe et al., 2011; Devine et al., 2012; Shen et al., 2012; Cao et al., 2018). However, the underlying pathological and molecular mechanism in oxidative stress-induced fertility deterioration remain unexplored. In this study, we established an oxidative stress model to access the effect of excessive ROS on the microbiota and ovary function, and also the effect of melatonin. These findings indicated that oxidative stress could decrease the fertility and influence gut microbiota and body metabolites in layer model, while the melatonin exert an amelioration the ovary oxidative stress through SIRT1-P53/FoxO1 pathway. The microbiota was involved in the OS and melatonin can be used as a target for ovary stress. 
  • 732
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Genipin on Various Cancers
Genipin is a protein cross-linking agent extracted from Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) fruits. This fruit has conventionally been used as a Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammation and jaundice and as an edible colorant in oriental countries. Uncoupling protein (UCP)-2 is a member of the family of uncoupling proteins, which are anion transporters positioned in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Genipin has been shown to have hepatoprotective activity, acting as an effective antioxidant and inhibitor of mitochondrial UCP2, and is also reported to exert significant anticancer effects.
  • 732
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Structural and Functional Diversity among FGF Signals
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) encode a large family of growth factor proteins that activate several intracellular signaling pathways to control diverse physiological functions. The human genome encodes 22 FGFs that share a high sequence and structural homology with those of other vertebrates. FGFs orchestrate diverse biological functions by regulating cellular differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Dysregulated FGF signaling may contribute to several pathological conditions, including cancer. Notably, FGFs exhibit wide functional diversity among different vertebrates spatiotemporally. A comparative study of FGF receptor ligands and their diverse roles in vertebrates ranging from embryonic development to pathological conditions may expand our understanding of FGF.
  • 732
  • 06 May 2023
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