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Topic Review
17q12 duplication
17q12 duplication is a chromosomal change in which a small piece of chromosome 17 is copied (duplicated) abnormally in each cell. The duplication occurs on the long (q) arm of the chromosome at a position designated q12.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Chemical Gas Sensors
Nowadays, there is increasing interest in fast, accurate, and highly sensitive smart gas sensors with excellent selectivity boosted by the high demand for environmental safety and healthcare applications. Significant research has been conducted to develop sensors based on novel highly sensitive and selective materials. However, there are still great challenges, specifically in terms of selectivity, which raises the need for combining interdisciplinary fields to build smarter and high-performance gas/chemical sensing devices. This review is divided into two parts: In the first part, we cover the recent developments and limitations of chemresistive gas sensors and in the second part, machine learning is proposed as a potential approach to efficiently tackle these issues through pattern recognition algorithms.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Degradation Behavior of Polymeric Coatings
The biodegradable term refers to a biologically assisted degradation process. A biodegradable polymer is a polymer susceptible to degradation by biological activity, accompanied by a lowering of its molar mass. There is a justified need to investigate biodegradable polymers in form of thin films because compared with those bulk, which has a long and comprehensive history on the degradation subject, there is still insufficient and fragmented understanding about the degradation of thin polymeric films, with research limited in general to very specific cases. Our efforts have been focused on on centralizing the comprehensive literature studies about stability and degradation of different polymeric coatings, which were thoroughly evaluated by polymer mass loss measurements, electrochemical investigations and/or surface. A briefly description of the factors affecting degradation, testing methods and applications of biodegradable polymers coatings was completed.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
FKBP51 and FKBP52
Immunophilins are a family of proteins whose signature domain is the peptidylprolyl-isomerase domain. High molecular weight immunophilins are characterized by the additional presence of tetratricopeptide-repeats (TPR) through which they bind to the 90-kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp90), and via this chaperone, immunophilins contribute to the regulation of the biological functions of several client-proteins. Among these Hsp90-binding immunophilins, there are two highly homologous members named FKBP51 and FKBP52 (FK506-binding protein of 51-kDa and 52-kDa, respectively) that were first characterized as components of the Hsp90-based heterocomplex associated to steroid receptors. Afterwards, they emerged as likely contributors to a variety of other hormone-dependent diseases, stress-related pathologies, psychiatric disorders, cancer, and other syndromes characterized by misfolded proteins. The differential biological actions of these immunophilins have been assigned to the structurally similar, but functionally divergent enzymatic domain. 
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Immune System Modulation
The intestinal microbiota, together with other immune system components are involved in the development of the immune response. Considering the impact of intestinal microbiota on health and disease, scientific and commercial interest has increased in the use of probiotics that stimulate the modulation of the intestinal microbiota for improving health and diseases treating immune system. Despite the health benefits of probiotics, concerns about their use have also arisen since they are affected by various properties of the products they are used in (shelf life, food additives, product matrix, etc.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cyclotide Scaffold for Drug Development
Cyclotides are a novel class of micro-proteins (≈30–40 residues long) with a unique topology containing a head-to-tail cyclized backbone structure further stabilized by three disulfide bonds that form a cystine knot. This unique molecular framework makes them exceptionally stable to physical, chemical, and biological degradation compared to linear peptides of similar size. The cyclotides are also highly tolerant to sequence variability, aside from the conserved residues forming the cystine knot, and are orally bioavailable and able to cross cellular membranes to modulate intracellular protein–protein interactions (PPIs), both in vitro and in vivo. These unique properties make them ideal scaffolds for many biotechnological applications, including drug discovery. 
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Fucoidans and Bowel Health
Fucoidans are cell wall polysaccharides found in various species of brown seaweeds. They are fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSPs) and comprise 5–20% of the algal dry weight. Fucoidans possess multiple bioactivities, including antioxidant, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-lipidemic, anti-metastatic, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer effects. Dietary fucoidans provide small but constant amounts of FCSPs to the intestinal tract, which can reorganize the composition of commensal microbiota altered by FCSPs, and consequently control inflammation symptoms in the intestine. Although the bioactivities of fucoidans have been well described, there is limited evidence to implicate their effect on gut microbiota and bowel health.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Radiation-Balanced Lasers
Radiation-balanced lasers can provide lasing without detrimental heating of laser medium. This new approach to the design of optically pumped rare-earth (RE)-doped solid-state lasers is provided by balancing the spontaneous and stimulated emission within the laser medium. It is based on the principle of anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling of RE-doped low-phonon solids.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sn on Ag-Based Brazing Filler Metals
Ag-based brazing filler metals containing Sn have been widely applied in many engineering fields. By summarizing the effects of Sn on the melting temperature, wettability and microstructure, and mechanical properties of the filler metals, the Sn element can significantly decrease the melting point and improve the wettability, and proper addition of Sn can optimize the microstructure and improve the comprehensive properties of the filler metals, while excessive addition of Sn will form brittle IMCs and decrease the mechanical properties of the filler metals.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
VLSI Structures for DNA Sequencing
DNA sequencing is a critical functionality in biomedical research, and technical advances that improve it have important implications for human health. The overall structure of DNA is negatively charged and has a negative electrostatic potential due to a negatively charged phosphate backbone. Nucleotides are electroactive compounds that produce reduction and oxidation signals after hybridization. These high electrostatic potentials can be exploited with VLSI charge-sensitive electronic structures. The sequence of DNA is encoded within each nitrogenous base: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T), and this 4-bit system allows for large amounts of information to be stored in a single DNA molecule, which may contain upward of 3 billion bases. 
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Abrasive Wear of Cermets
Abrasive wear occurs when hard particles or sometimes hard protuberances on a counterface are forced against and are moved along the surface. The amount of material removed depends on the normal load pressing particles against the surface and the sliding distance. A distinction is usually made between the two-body and the three-body abrasive wear and between low-stress (abrasive particles remain unbroken during abrasion) and high-stress (abrasive particles are broken during the wear process) abrasion. WC-based hardmetals (cemented carbides) are employed widely as wear-resistant ceramic-metal composites for tools and wear parts. Raw materials supply, environmental concerns and some limitations of hardmetals have directed efforts toward development of alternative wear-resistant composites-cermets. Cermets consist primarily of ceramic particles such as titanium carbonitride (Ti(C,N)), titanium carbide (TiC), and chromium carbide (Cr3C2) bonded with alloys of Ni, Co or Fe. Cermets as resistant to abrasive wear materials demonstrate their potential mainly in environmentally severe wear conditions – at elevated temperatures and corrosive envronments.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Mediterranean Diet, a Sustainable Cultural Asset
The Mediterranean diet is a dietary pattern and associated lifestyle that adopts mainly plant foods. The Mediterranean diet (MD) has been acknowledged by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as an intangible cultural heritage of humanity since 2013, a candidacy involving seven countries in the area, including Portugal, aiming to safeguard the MD in its multiple dimensions. The corresponding food system is recognized as healthy and sustainable by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and by the World Health Organization (WHO), inspiring dietary guidelines around the world. The current entry examines the sustainability and resilience of the Mediterranean dietary food pattern, using the Portuguese as a case study to examine the feasibility of prospective composite indicators in assessing the sustainability of diets and food systems. Information extracted from reports and official statistics was used to assess a set of proposed metrics. Although information to fulfil most metrics was found, some data gaps were identified, highlighting the need to improve existing metrics. The current work highlights the role of science and policy in transforming four key areas of human–nature interaction: use of natural resources, food systems, production and consumption, and cities’ sustainability. Since sustainable production and consumption (SGD 12) is key to the UN’s 2030 agenda, it is important to analyze to what extent the dissemination of the Mediterranean diet among the population can be a way to achieve this goal.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Filaggrin in Atopic Dermatitis
The discovery in 2006 that loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) cause ichthyosis vulgaris and can predispose to atopic dermatitis (AD) galvanized the dermatology research community and shed new light on a skin protein that was first identified in 1981. However, although outstanding work has uncovered several key functions of filaggrin in epidermal homeostasis, a comprehensive understanding of how filaggrin deficiency contributes to AD is still incomplete, including details of the upstream factors that lead to the reduced amounts of filaggrin, regardless of genotype.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
AI Enabling Technologies in Physical Layer Security
With the proliferation of 5G mobile networks within next-generation wireless communication, the design and optimization of 5G networks are progressing in the direction of improving the physical layer security (PLS) paradigm. This phenomenon is due to the fact that traditional methods for the network optimization of PLS fail to adapt new features, technologies, and resource management to diversified demand applications. To improve these methods, future 5G and beyond 5G (B5G) networks will need to rely on new enabling technologies. Therefore, approaches for PLS design and optimization that are based on artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have been corroborated to outperform traditional security technologies. This will allow future 5G networks to be more intelligent and robust in order to significantly improve the performance of system design over traditional security methods.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Polymer-Derived Ceramics Technology
Ceramics have become indispensable materials for a wide range of industrial applications due to their excellent properties.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Subvocalization
Subvocalization, or silent speech, is the internal speech typically made when reading; it provides the sound of the word as it is read. This is a natural process when reading, and it helps the mind to access meanings to comprehend and remember what is read, potentially reducing cognitive load. This inner speech is characterized by minuscule movements in the larynx and other muscles involved in the articulation of speech. Most of these movements are undetectable (without the aid of machines) by the person who is reading. It is one of the components of Baddeley and Hitch's phonological loop proposal which accounts for the storage of these types of information into short-term memory.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mooring (Watercraft)
A mooring refers to any permanent structure to which a vessel may be secured. Examples include quays, wharfs, jetties, piers, anchor buoys, and mooring buoys. A ship is secured to a mooring to forestall free movement of the ship on the water. An anchor mooring fixes a vessel's position relative to a point on the bottom of a waterway without connecting the vessel to shore. As a verb, mooring refers to the act of attaching a vessel to a mooring. The term likely stems from the Dutch verb meren (to moor), used in English since the end of the 15th century.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Hepatitis E Virus
In the 1980s, non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) was identified to be hepatitis E virus (HEV), and found to be the causative agent of large scale viral hepatitis outbreaks in developing countries.  One of the distinctive epidemiological features of an HEV outbreak is its association with a high pregnancy mortality rate, potentially reaching up to 35% mortality. HEV is ow recognized as the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. HEV is a 7.2 kb  quasi-enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus with a positive-sense genome.  HEV has been difficult to grow in cell culture necessitating animal models to understand pathology.  Multiple animal models have been attempted to replicate pregnancy mortality and those trials are summarized herein.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Immunopotentiating Activity of Fucoidans
Fucoidans, discovered in 1913, are fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharides extracted mainly from brown seaweed. These versatile and nontoxic marine-origin heteropolysaccharides have a wide range of favorable biological activities, including antitumor, immunomodulatory, antiviral, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antioxidant, and lipid-lowering activities. In the early 1980s, fucoidans were first recognized for their role in supporting the immune response and later, in the 1990s, their effects on immune potentiation began to emerge. The understanding of the immunomodulatory effects of fucoidan has expanded significantly. The ability of fucoidan(s) to activate CTL-mediated cytotoxicity against cancer cells, strong antitumor property, and robust safety profile make fucoidans desirable for effective cancer immunotherapy.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Parental Involvement and Learners with Intellectual Disability
Intellectual disability is a lifelong condition with an estimated prevalence rate of 1–3% of the global population. Intellectual disability has a prehistorical origin that can be traced back to the Greek and Roman eras. Historic intellectual disability definitions were based solely on intelligence, with an emphasis on routine care and maintenance rather than treatment and care. Considering that learners with intellectual disabilities require more support in adaptive behavior and reasoning than their peers without intellectual disabilities, meeting these needs can be challenging for parents shortly after learning of the intellectual disability diagnosis; thus, parenting a child with intellectual disabilities is likely to result in some stress for parents. Therefore, parents require information, knowledge, and additional support in raising a learner with intellectual disabilities to enhance their support for these learners and increase their level of independence and development.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Aug 2023
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