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Topic Review
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous population of  stromal precursors with high proliferative activity and multilineage differentiation, which keeps them in demand for clinical use. The MSC secretome affects the microenvironment promoting cytoprotection and tissue repair. Adipose tissue is one of the most perspective sources of MSCs since they can be obtained in sufficient amounts from patients using a minimally invasive procedure. With aging, the regenerative capabilities of the tissues that are largely due to the activity of adult stem cells are decreased. Due to their tissue niche role of maintaining homeostasis and auto-/paracrine regulation, MSCs are especially interesting from the point of view of cell senescence.  Senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) is the most important cause of disturbance of cell communication, which leads to various consequences in the surrounding tissues during aging. 
  • 809
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
The Game of Tubulins
Members of the tubulin superfamily are GTPases; the activities of GTPases are necessary for life. The members of the tubulin superfamily are the constituents of the microtubules and the γ-tubulin meshwork. Mutations in members of the tubulin superfamily are involved in developmental brain disorders, and tubulin activities are the target for various chemotherapies. The intricate functions (game) of tubulins depend on the activities of the GTP-binding domain of α-, β-, and γ-tubulin.
  • 809
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Glutathionyl Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is one of the proteins that are more susceptible to S-glutathionylation and the levels of its modified form, glutathionyl hemoglobin (HbSSG), increase in several human pathological conditions.
  • 809
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Viper Venom Phospholipase A2
Viper venom phospholipase A2 enzymes (vvPLA2s) and phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) proteins are two of the principal toxins in viper venom that are responsible for the severe myotoxic and neurotoxic effects caused by snakebite envenoming, among other pathologies. 
  • 809
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles and Viruses
Multicellular organisms rely on intercellular communication to regulate many aspects of their physiology. It defines environmental niches that regulate cell growth and behavior, and it is essential for collective defense against host pathogens. The majority of intercellular communication is mediated via the transportation of bioactive molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites and lipids between cells. Passage of these molecules can occur by passive diffusion or by transport via carrier molecules such as extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are cell-secreted membrane vesicles of various sizes, compositions and origins that induce physiological changes in recipient cells through the delivery of bioactive molecules. The biomolecules contained within EVs vary depending on the tissue of origin, immune set-point and cellular context and web-based compendiums such as ExoCarta, Vesiclepedia and EVpedia are now used to document the vast array of biological molecules identified in EVs of different classes.
  • 808
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Lipids and Lipoproteins in Pregnancy
Inflammation and oxidative stress are essential components in a myriad of pathogenic entities that lead to metabolic and chronic diseases. Moreover, inflammation in its different phases is necessary for the initiation and maintenance of a healthy pregnancy. Therefore, an equilibrium between a necessary/pathologic level of inflammation and oxidative stress during pregnancy is needed to avoid disease development. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are important for a healthy pregnancy and a good neonatal outcome. Their role in fetal development during challenging situations is vital for maintaining the equilibrium. 
  • 808
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Heat Shock Protein 27
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are induced after different stress situations. Some of these proteins, particularly HSP-27, function as markers to indicate cellular stress or damage and protect the heart during addictive processes. Morphine withdrawal induces an enhancement of sympathetic activity in parallel with an increased HSP-27 expression and phosphorylation, indicating a severe situation of stress. HSP-27 can interact with different intracellular signaling pathways. Propranolol and SL-327 were able to antagonize the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and the phosphorylation of HSP-27 observed during morphine withdrawal.  Therefore, β-adrenergic receptors and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway would be involved in HPA axis activity, and consequently, in HSP-27 activation. Finally, selective blockade of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF)-1 receptor and the genetic deletion of CRF1 receptors antagonize cardiac adaptive changes. These changes are increased NA turnover, HPA axis activation and decreased HSP-27 expression and phosphorylation. This suggests a link between HPA axis and HSP-27. On the other hand, morphine withdrawal increases µ-calpain expression, which in turn degrades cardiac troponin T (cTnT). This fact, together with a co-localization between cTnT and HSP-27, suggests that this chaperone avoids the degradation of cTnT by µ-calpain, correcting the cardiac contractility abnormalities observed during addictive processes. The aim of our research is to review the possible role of HSP-27 in the cardiac changes observed during morphine withdrawal and to understand the mechanisms implicated in its cardiac protective functions.
  • 807
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Molecular Advances in Preeclampsia and HELLP Syndrome
Preeclampsia (PE) constitutes one of the principal reasons for maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. The circumstance typically implicates formerly healthful normotensive women, after 20 weeks of gestation, typically withinside the third trimester, without regarded threat elements or past deliveries. PE can be further complicated with hemolysis and thrombocytopenia, leading to the emergence of HELLP syndrome (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low platelets). Both conditions are classified as hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (HDP), and their pathogenesis has been linked to an excessive maternal inflammatory response, accompanied by enhanced endothelial activation. 
  • 807
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Post-Translational Modifications in Human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1
Human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (hNQO1) is a multifunctional and antioxidant stress protein whose expression is controlled by the Nrf2 signaling pathway. hNQO1 dysregulation is associated with cancer and neurological disorders. Recent works have shown that its activity is also modulated by different post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination, and these may synergize with naturally-occurring and inactivating polymorphisms and mutations.
  • 807
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Amyloidogenic Proteins and Peptides
For a long time, studies of amyloidogenic proteins and peptides (amyloidogenic PPs) have been focused basically on their harmful properties and association with diseases. A vast amount of research has investigated the structure of pathogenic amyloids forming fibrous deposits within or around cells and the mechanisms of their detrimental actions. Much less has been known about the physiologic functions and beneficial properties of amyloidogenic PPs.
  • 807
  • 02 May 2023
Topic Review
The Extracellular Matrix Macromolecules
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a ubiquitous member of the body and is key to the maintenance of tissue and organ integrity. Initially thought to be a bystander in many cellular processes, the extracellular matrix has been shown to have diverse components that regulate and activate many cellular processes and ultimately influence cell phenotype.
  • 807
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Carbonic Anhydrase Sensitivity to Pesticides
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a widespread metalloenzyme playing a pivotal role in several physiological processes. Many studies have demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo sensitivity of CA to several classes of pesticides in both humans and wildlife. The review is aimed to discuss the literature to date available in this field, providing a comprehensive view useful to foresee perspectives for the development of novel CA-based pesticide biomarkers. The analysis of the available data highlighted the ability of several pesticide molecules to interact directly with the enzyme in humans and wildlife and to inhibit CA activity in vitro and in vivo. The analysis disclosed key areas of further research and at the same time identified some perspectives for the development of novel CA-based sensitive biomarkers to pesticide exposure, suitable to be used in several fields from human biomonitoring in occupational and environmental medicine to environmental biomonitoring on non-target species.
  • 806
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Synthetic mRNAs
The structure of synthetic mRNAs as used in vaccination against cancer and infectious diseases contain specifically designed caps followed by sequences of the 5′ untranslated repeats of β-globin gene. The strategy for successful design of synthetic mRNAs by chemically modifying their caps aims to increase resistance to the enzymatic deccapping complex, offer a higher affinity for binding to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (elF4E) protein and enforce increased translation of their encoded proteins. However, the cellular homeostasis is finely balanced and obeys to specific laws of thermodynamics conferring balance between complexity and growth rate in evolution. An overwhelming and forced translation even under alarming conditions of the cell during a concurrent viral infection, or when molecular pathways are trying to circumvent precursor events that lead to autoimmunity and cancer, may cause the recipient cells to ignore their differential sensitivities which are essential for keeping normal conditions. The elF4E which is a powerful RNA regulon and a potent oncogene governing cell cycle progression and proliferation at a post-transcriptional level, may then be a great contributor to disease development. This Fact Sheet underscores the basic elements from within the official text of publication to highlight the hallmarks of disease progression due to synthetic mRNAs stability structures (analogue caps, 5’ untranlslated repeats of β-globin gene and poly A tails) fundamentally used in design of all synthetic mRNAs to promote the efficiency of translation of their encoded sequences by the human cell and therefore the organism. Specific bullet points in bold mean for urgency of further toxicity evaluation studies that need to be overtaken in order to ensure for safety of mRNAs in vaccines at current stages of development.
  • 806
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Membrane Transporters Involved in Iron Trafficking
Iron is an essential transition metal for its involvement in several crucial biological functions, the most notable being oxygen storage and transport. Due to its high reactivity and potential toxicity, intracellular and extracellular iron levels must be tightly regulated. This is achieved through transport systems that mediate cellular uptake and efflux both at the level of the plasma membrane and on the membranes of lysosomes, endosomes and mitochondria.
  • 806
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Oxytocin for Addiction Disorders Treatment
Neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) has the capacity to modulate a wide spectrum of physiological and cognitive processes including motivation, learning, emotion, and the stress response playing a role in substance use disorders.
  • 804
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Bufalin-Mediated Regulation of Cell Signaling Pathways in Cancers
Bufalin is a pharmacologically active molecule isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo gargarizans or Bufo melanostictus. Bufalin has characteristically unique properties to regulate multiple molecular targets and can be used to harness multi-targeted therapeutic regimes against different cancers. There is burgeoning evidence related to functional roles of signaling cascades in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Bufalin has been reported to regulate pleiotropically a myriad of signal transduction cascades in various cancers. Importantly, bufalin mechanistically regulated JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-Catenin, mTOR, TRAIL/TRAIL-R, EGFR, and c-MET pathways. Furthermore, bufalin-mediated modulation of non-coding RNAs in different cancers has also started to gain tremendous momentum. Similarly, bufalin-mediated targeting of tumor microenvironments and tumor macrophages is an area of exciting research and we have only started to scratch the surface of the complicated nature of molecular oncology. Cell culture studies and animal models provide proof-of-concept for the impetus role of bufalin in the inhibition of carcinogenesis and metastasis.
  • 804
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
GRKs/Epac1 in Cardiac Remodeling
β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) play a major role in the physiological regulation of cardiac function through signaling routes tightly controlled by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). 
  • 800
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Anti-Allergic Activities of Natural Products from Marine Organisms
It is essential to find alternative anti-allergic agents from natural products. The special environment of high salt and pressure, low temperature, oligotrophicity, hypoxia, and limited light determines that the secondary metabolites of marine organisms have very unique traits compared with secondary metabolites of terrestrial organisms. Secondary metabolites of marine natural products possess many biological effects like anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antiviral, antibacterial, etc.
  • 800
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pore-Based Sensing for Virus Particles Detection
Pore-based sensing is a highly sensitive sensing technology for the detection of extremely small particles such as molecules, proteins, and viruses (50–200 nm). Pore-based sensing is conducted by applying an electric field across nanopores, usually made of biomacromolecules, e.g., α-hemolysin or synthetic materials, e.g., graphene and semiconductor. When a particle passes through the pore, changes in the current waveform can be observed. The presence of specific waveform changes indicates the presence of target, and the number of this specific waveform can be used to determine the concentration.
  • 800
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Cancer Detection, Diagnosis, and Prognosis
Biomarkers are vital in healthcare as they provide valuable insights into disease diagnosis, prognosis, treatment response, and personalized medicine. They serve as objective indicators, enabling early detection and intervention, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced costs. Biomarkers also guide treatment decisions by predicting disease outcomes and facilitating individualized treatment plans. They play a role in monitoring disease progression, adjusting treatments, and detecting early signs of recurrence. 
  • 800
  • 19 Jan 2024
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