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Topic Review
Transmembrane Chloride Intracellular Channel 1
Identification of potential pathological biomarkers has proved to be essential for understanding complex and fatal diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Ion channels are involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Moreover, loss of function and aberrant expression of ion channels and transporters have been linked to various cancers, and to neurodegeneration. The Chloride Intracellular Channel 1 (CLIC1), CLIC1 is a metamorphic protein belonging to a partially unexplored protein superfamily, the CLICs. In homeostatic conditions, CLIC1 protein is expressed in cells as a cytosolic monomer. In pathological states, CLIC1 is specifically expressed as transmembrane chloride channel. In the following review, we trace the involvement of CLIC1 protein functions in physiological and in pathological conditions and assess its functionally active isoform as a potential target for future therapeutic strategies.
  • 816
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase Ack1
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (NRTK) Ack1 comprises a distinct arrangement of non-catalytic modules. Its SH3 domain has a C-terminal to the kinase domain (SH1), in contrast to the typical SH3-SH2-SH1 layout in NRTKs. The Ack1 is the only protein that shares a region of high homology to the tumor suppressor protein Mig6, a modulator of EGFR. The vertebrate Acks make up the only tyrosine kinase (TK) family known to carry a UBA domain. The GTPase binding and SAM domains are also uncommon in the NRTKs. In addition to being a downstream effector of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins, Ack1 can act as an epigenetic regulator, modulate the degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), confer drug resistance, and mediate the progression of hormone-sensitive tumors. 
  • 816
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Role of Estrogen Receptor Status in PRODH/POX-Dependent Apoptosis/Survival
The estrogen receptor (ER) status and the availability of agonists or antagonists of these receptors determine the processes of growth, differentiation, and proliferation of breast cancer cells. Estrogens and anti-estrogenic compounds have been shown to influence breast cancer cell survival/apoptosis via action through the mitochondrial enzyme proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX). 
  • 815
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
PIWI-Interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and Cancers
The P-Element-induced wimpy testis (PIWI)-interacting RNAs(piRNAs) were first described in 2001 in experiments usingDrosophilamodels evidencing their role in fertility. Then, piRNAs were involved in the function of mammalian germ cells. During the last two decades, researchers have described piRNAs as small RNA molecules able to bind PIWI proteins to form piRNA/PIWI complexes, which act as mediators in several processes including transposon silencing, spermiogenesis, genome rearrangement, epigenetic regulation, protein regulation, and germ stem-cell maintenance in both normal and abnormal cells.
  • 815
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Consequences of COVID-19 for Pancreas
Coronaviruses are enveloped, single- and positive-stranded RNA viruses that infect birds and mammals. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infection, usually the common cold, but they can also cause severe respiratory illness including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), respectively. Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related major health consequences involve the lungs, a growing body of evidence indicates that COVID-19 is not inert to the pancreas either. 
  • 815
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Elastic Fibre Proteins in Wound Healing
As essential components of people's connective tissues, elastic fibres give tissues such as major blood vessels, skin and the lungs their elasticity. In humans, the fibrillin family is composed of three highly conserved proteins, fibrillin-1, -2 and -3, all of which are engaged in the formation of microfibrils. Fibrillin-2 and -3 are mainly expressed in fetal tissues, while fibrillin-1 is continuously expressed throughout adulthood in tissues such as the heart, aorta, lung, nervous system and skin. Mutations in the FBN1 gene, which encodes fibrillin-1, are associated with MFS, isolated autosomal dominant ectopia lentis 1, mitral valve-aorta-skeleton-skin (MASS) syndrome, Weill–Marchesani syndrome (WMS), stiff skin syndrome, acromicric and geleophysic dysplasias and Marfanoid-progeroid-lipodystrophy syndrome. 
  • 815
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Cu2+ and Osteoclast
Copper-containing biomaterials are increasingly applied for bone regeneration due to their pro-angiogenetic, pro-osteogenetic and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, the effect of Cu2+ on osteoclasts, which play a major role in bone remodeling was studied in detail. Methods: Human primary osteoclasts, differentiated from human monocytes were differentiated or cultivated in the presence of Cu2+. Osteoclast formation and activity were analyzed by measurement of osteoclast-specific enzyme activities, gene expression analysis and resorption assays. Furthermore, the glutathione levels of the cells were checked to evaluate oxidative stress induced by Cu2+. Results: Up to 8 µM Cu2+ did not induce cytotoxic effects. Activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) was significantly increased, while other osteoclast specific enzyme activities were not affected. However, gene expression of TRAP was not upregulated. Resorptive activity of osteoclasts towards dentin was not changed in the presence of 8 µM Cu2+ but decreased in the presence of extracellular bone matrix. When Cu2+ was added to mature osteoclasts TRAP activity was not increased and resorption decreased only moderately. The glutathione level of both differentiating and mature osteoclasts was significantly decreased in the presence of Cu2+. Conclusions: Differentiating and mature osteoclasts react differently to Cu2+. High TRAP activities are not necessarily related to high resorption.
  • 814
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Fascin-1 in Gastrointestinal Cancers
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers, remain as one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with a large proportion accounting for fatalities related to metastatic disease. Invasion of primary cancer occurs by the actin cytoskeleton remodeling, including the formation of the filopodia, stereocilia, and other finger-like membrane protrusions. The crucial step of actin remodeling in the malignant cells is mediated by the fascin protein family, with fascin-1 being the most active. Fascin-1 is an actin-binding protein that cross-links filamentous actin into tightly packed parallel bundles, giving rise to finger-like cell protrusions, thus equipping the cell with the machinery necessary for adhesion, motility, and invasion.
  • 814
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Glycoconjugate Vaccine
Glycoconjugate vaccines have been one tool used to fight against diseases caused by a number of bacteria. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides) play important functional roles in bacteria. Glycoconjugate vaccines contain oligosaccharides that are attached to a carrier protein.
  • 814
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs in Renal Fibrosis
Fibrosis, or tissue scarring, is defined as the excessive, persistent and destructive accumulation of extracellular matrix components in response to chronic tissue injury. Renal fibrosis represents the final stage of most chronic kidney diseases and contributes to the progressive and irreversible decline in kidney function. The role of non-coding RNAs, and in particular microRNAs (miRNAs), has been described in kidney fibrosis. 
  • 814
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cold-Adapted Proteases
The modern biotechnology industry has a demand for macromolecules that can function in extreme environments. One example is cold-adapted proteases, possessing advantages such as maintaining high catalytic efficiency at low temperature and low energy input during production and inactivation. Meanwhile, cold-adapted proteases are characterised by sustainability, environmental protection, and energy conservation; therefore, they hold significant economic and ecological value regarding resource utilisation and the global biogeochemical cycle.
  • 814
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Brain Tissue Respiration in Trauma
The passage of oxygen (O2) from vessels into the cells comprises multiple steps in different volumes (e.g., intracellular erythrocytes, plasma, interstitial tissue, intracellular brain cells) and is influenced by multiple physiological factors (e.g., cerebral blood flow, capillary density, concentration of hemoglobin (Hb), O2 affinity for Hb). The pathogenesis of brain trauma may alter the mechanisms that regulate these steps.
  • 813
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Inflammatory Response Caused by UVR
Skin is the largest and most complex organ in the human body comprised of multiple layers with different types of cells. Different kinds of environmental stressors, for example, ultraviolet radiation (UVR), temperature, air pollutants, smoking, and diet, accelerate skin aging by stimulating inflammatory molecules. Skin aging caused by UVR is characterized by loss of elasticity, fine lines, wrinkles, reduced epidermal and dermal components, increased epidermal permeability, delayed wound healing, and approximately 90% of skin aging. These external factors can cause aging through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated inflammation, as well as aged skin is a source of circulatory inflammatory molecules which accelerate skin aging and cause aging-related diseases.
  • 813
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Compounds from Endolichenic Fungi
A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism, which is algae or cyanobacteria. Endolichenic fungi are a group of microfungi that resides asymptomatically within the thalli of lichens. Endolichenic fungi can be recognized as luxuriant metabolic artists that produce propitious bioactive secondary metabolites. 
  • 813
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Lipid Droplets Accumulation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapy
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous dynamic organelles composed of a core of esterified neutral lipids, such as fatty acids (FAs), triacylglycerols (TAGs), cholesterol and other sterol esters, retinyl esters, and ceramides esterified into acyl ceramides, enclosed by a phospholipid monolayer enriched in several proteins and then packaged by intermediate filament vimentin.
  • 813
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Gut–Liver Axis of Boar Taint
The gut microbiome is a complex organ that is typically comprised of a couple hundred bacterial species expressing nearly 2 million different genes, which promote the biotransformation of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds and regulate the production of microbial metabolites in response to dietary, genetic, and environmental factors. Microbiota-derived compounds function as signaling molecules between different bacterial species to synchronize bacterial behaviours by altering the microbial population or the gene expression within the gut microbiome, which is known as quorum sensing. Gut-derived compounds also modulate metabolic pathways in the liver and intestines and act as ligands for nuclear receptors and other xenobiotic sensing transcription factors. In response, the liver produces bile to provide feedback to the gut microbiota and regulate further metabolite production. This bidirectional communication between the liver and the gut is referred to as the gut–liver axis and represents an important link between the gut microbiome and nuclear receptor signaling pathways.
  • 812
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
S-Denitrosylation in Glutathione and Redoxin Systems
S-nitrosylation of proteins occurs as a consequence of the derivatization of cysteine thiols with nitric oxide (NO) and is often associated with diseases and protein malfunction. Aberrant S-nitrosylation, in addition to other genetic and epigenetic factors, has gained rapid importance as a prime cause of various metabolic, respiratory, and cardiac disorders, with a major emphasis on cancer and neurodegeneration. The S-nitrosoproteome, a term used to collectively refer to the diverse and dynamic repertoire of S-nitrosylated proteins, is relatively less explored in the field of redox biochemistry, in contrast to other covalently modified versions of the same set of proteins. Advancing research is gradually unveiling the enormous clinical importance of S-nitrosylation in the etiology of diseases and is opening up new avenues of prompt diagnosis that harness this phenomenon. Ever since the discovery of the two robust and highly conserved S-nitrosoglutathione reductase and thioredoxin systems as candidate denitrosylases, years of rampant speculation centered around the identification of specific substrates and other candidate denitrosylases, subcellular localization of both substrates and denitrosylases, the position of susceptible thiols, mechanisms of S-denitrosylation under basal and stimulus-dependent conditions, impact on protein conformation and function, and extrapolating these findings towards the understanding of diseases, aging and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. 
  • 812
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Digital PCR for Single-Cell Analysis
Single-cell analysis provides an overwhelming strategy for revealing cellular heterogeneity and new perspectives for understanding the biological function and disease mechanism. Moreover, it promotes the basic and clinical research in many fields at a single-cell resolution. A digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) is an absolute quantitative analysis technology with high sensitivity and precision for DNA/RNA or protein. With the development of microfluidic technology, digital PCR has been used to achieve absolute quantification of single-cell gene expression and single-cell proteins. For single-cell specific-gene or -protein detection, digital PCR has shown great advantages. 
  • 812
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
PGRP-LB: Mechanism of Amidase Reaction
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are ubiquitous among animals and play pivotal functions in insect immunity. Non-catalytic PGRPs are involved in the activation of immune pathways by binding to the peptidoglycan (PGN), whereas amidase PGRPs are capable of cleaving the PGN into non-immunogenic compounds. Drosophila PGRP-LB belongs to the amidase PGRPs and downregulates the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway by cleaving meso-2,6-diaminopimelic (meso-DAP or DAP)-type PGN. While the recognition process is well analyzed for the non-catalytic PGRPs, little is known about the enzymatic mechanism for the amidase PGRPs, despite their essential function in immune homeostasis. Here, we analyzed the specific activity of different isoforms of Drosophila PGRP-LB towards various PGN substrates to understand their specificity and role in Drosophila immunity. 
  • 811
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Synthetic Vulnerabilities in the KRAS Pathway
Mutations in Kristen Rat Sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) are among the most frequent gain-of-function genetic alterations in human cancer. Most KRAS-driven cancers depend on its sustained expression and signaling. Despite spectacular recent success in the development of inhibitors targeting specific KRAS alleles, the discovery and utilization of effective directed therapies for KRAS-mutant cancers remains a major unmet need.
  • 810
  • 24 Jun 2022
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