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Topic Review
Terpyridine-Polyamine Bridging Ligand (dint)
The ligand, 4'-(p-(1,5-bis(amino)-3-azapentane)methylphenyl)-2,2':6',2"-terpyridine (dint) contains a terpyridine fragment and a tri-amine fragment, which may allow synthetic differentiation between the tridentate binding sites at both sides and may offer the benefits of polydentate ligands and minimisation of isomeric possibilities upon coordination to metal ions.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Saliva biomarkers for Heart Failure
Heart Failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms such as dyspnoea or fatigue on exertion or at rest, and clinical signs (i.e. lower extremity oedema, elevated jugular venous pressure, pulmonary crackles, etc.) caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality, ultimately leading to reduced cardiac output. Despite advances in the knowledge on HF, decisions on diagnosis and treatment of HF remain challenging. In everyday clinical practice, biomarkers such as plasma natriuretic peptides such as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal fragment BNP (NT-proBNP), play an important role in HF diagnosis, therapy monitoring and risk stratification, while many other serum biomarkers have also been studied without definite evidence on how to use them in clinical practice. Biomarkers that could be measured in other biological fluids other than blood, easily and non-invasively, and outside the hospital setting, have attracted research interest. During the last years, saliva has emerged as a body fluid for this purpose.  This review assessed the potential role of salivary biomarkers in diagnosis and progression monitoring of patients with HF. 18 salivary biomarkers were analyzed and the levels of all biomarkers studied were found to be higher in HF patients compared to controls, except for amylase, sodium, and chloride that had smaller saliva concentrations in HF patients. Natriuretic peptides are the most commonly used plasma biomarkers in the management of HF. Their saliva levels show promising results, although the correlation of saliva to plasma values is weakened in higher plasma values. In most of the publications, differences in biomarker levels between HF patients and controls were found to be statistically significant. Due to small number of patients included, larger studies need to be conducted in order to facilitate the use of saliva biomarkers in clinical practice.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Targeting Tyrosine Kinases in ccRCC
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the seventh most frequently diagnosed tumor in adults in Europe and represents approximately 2.5% of cancer deaths. Currently, there are multiple therapeutic drugs available for advanced disease, including therapies against VEGFR with successful results in patients´ survival. Other tyrosine kinases’ pathways, including PDGFR, Axl or MET have emerged as key signaling pathways involved in RCC biology. 
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Machine Learning and Fuzzy Logic in Electronics
Machine learning is a part of artificial intelligence science and works in close collaboration with data science. The main aim is the collected big data to be processed and studied in such a way to give meaningful knowledge when problems have to be solved or decisions have to be made. Fuzzy logic is another scientific field that is used for modeling, description and evaluation of objects and systems with different levels of complexity, which are characterized with uncertainty, fuzziness and vagueness of their parameters and properties. The application of machine learning and fuzzy logic in electronics is studied to outline the current research topics, scientific achievements and directions for future exploration.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Seed Yield in Red Clover
Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a perennial forage legume which is valued for its yield, nitrogen fixation and forage quality. However, seed yield is often unsatisfactory in red clover. Seed production has been the objective of various studies with different approaches. This review paper summarizes and discusses recent results from various studies on seed yield and fertility in red clover, and opens perspectives for future research.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Environmental Nanotechnologies in Wastewater Treatment
Nanotechnologies (NTs) are nowadays well established on both private households and commercial markets. NTs are fully accepted in several sectors such as medicine and pharmacy, or in industry such as chemistry, electricity, food production, military, and other commercial branches due to their unique properties. With regard to the growing demands on environmental resources caused through still growing worldwide population, application of NTs is an extremely important new branch in the environmental sector delivering several advantages. The entry provides a comprehensive overview on current developments in environmental remediation, wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment and agriculture. More in detail, in the section environmental remediation, the application on NTs towards enhanced reductive dechlorination,  removal of heavy metals and remediation of oil spills were reviewed. Developments towards adsorption of heavy metals and persistent substances, advanced photocatalytic degradation of common wastewater pollutants, and improvements in membrane filtration processes were predominantely highlighted. On the one hand, nanotechnologies (NTs) refer to nanostructure techniques, such as nanolithography and nanomanipulation, but also to nanomaterials (NMs) on the other hand. NMs refer commonly to nanoparticles (NPs), nanotubes, nanofilms, and others. The engineered era of NTs combines different application sectors, including biological, biotechnological, chemical, medical, pharmaceutical, food and agriculture, environmental, electronic, material engineering, and other industrial processing technologies, and other branches.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Coming of Age of Biosimilars: Perspective
The first biosimilar, Sandoz’s Omnitrope (human growth hormone), was approved in 2006 by both the FDA and EMA; it was approved by the FDA under the 505(b)(2) generic product legislation and by the EU as a biosimilar. Later, Sandoz received the first licensing of Zarzio/Zarxio (filgrastim) in 2015; this was the first biosimilar product approved under the 351(k) BLA legislation in the US Many firsts were to follow in the US: the first mAb (bevacizumab), the first pegylated cytokine (pegfilgrastim), the first ophthalmic biosimilar (ranibizumab), and the first two interchangeable biosimilars (insulin glargine and adalimumab). The US also approved the first biosimilars without clinical efficacy testing (filgrastim, pegfilgrastim, and erythropoietin alfa).
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Guided Reading Teaching Approach
The guided reading teaching approach is a commonly utilised practice that teachers have employed for over 20 years, both in Australia and abroad. What the approach entails, can be open to interpretation—an outcome that highlights the challenge of describing the approach in clear and unambiguous terms. 
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Development Goals in the COVID-19 Pandemic
The Sustainable Development Goals are a global call to action to end poverty, close the gender gap, protect the planet, and improve the lives of people around the world. In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted 17 goals as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which sets out a plan to achieve the goals in 15 years. However, the COVID-19 pandemic crisis has been a turning point in the achievement of these goals, due to all its consequences at the political, economic, and socio-cultural levels.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Neural Signaling in the Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignant diseases. Various cells in the tumor microenvironment interact with tumor cells and orchestrate to support tumor progression. Several kinds of nerves are found in the tumor microenvironment, and each plays an essential role in tumor biology. Studies have shown that sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory neurons are found in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment. Neural signaling not only targets neural cells, but tumor cells and immune cells via neural receptors expressed on these cells, through which tumor growth, inflammation, and anti-tumor immunity are affected. Thus, these broad-range effects of neural signaling in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment may represent novel therapeutic targets. The modulation of neural signaling may be a therapeutic strategy targeting the whole tumor microenvironment.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Combination Strategies of Different Antimicrobials
Despite the discovery and development of an array of antimicrobial agents, multidrug resistance poses a major threat to public health and progressively increases mortality. The use of antimicrobial agents in combination can produce synergistic effects if each drug invades a different target or signaling pathway with a different mechanism of action. Therefore, drug combinations can achieve a higher probability and selectivity of therapeutic responses than single drugs.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Pharmacological Activities of Siraitia grosvenorii 
Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey ex Lu et Z. Y. Zhang is a unique economic and medicinal plant of Cucurbitaceae in Southern China. For hundreds of years, Chinese people have used the fruit of S. grosvenorii as an excellent natural sweetener and traditional medicine for lung congestion, sore throat, and constipation. It is one of the first species in China to be classified as a medicinal food homology, which has received considerable attention as a natural product with high development potential. Various natural products, such as triterpenoids, flavonoids, amino acids, and lignans, have been released from this plant by previous phytochemical studies. Pharmacological research of the fruits of S. grosvenorii has attracted extensive attention, and an increasing number of extracts and compounds have been demonstrated to have antitussive, expectorant, antiasthmatic, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, immunologic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and other activities.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
TERF2
Telomeric repeat-binding factor 2 is a protein that is present at telomeres throughout the cell cycle. It is also known as TERF2, TRF2, and TRBF2, and is encoded in humans by the TERF2 gene. It is a component of the shelterin nucleoprotein complex and a second negative regulator of telomere length, playing a key role in the protective activity of telomeres. It was first reported in 1997 in the lab of Titia de Lange, where a DNA sequence similar, but not identical, to TERF1 was discovered, with respect to the Myb-domain. De Lange isolated the new Myb-containing protein sequence and called it TERF2.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ground Based Strategic Deterrent
The Ground Based Strategic Deterrent (GBSD) is a future American land-based intercontinental ballistic missile system (ICBM) currently in the early stages of development. It is slated to replace the aging Minuteman III missiles, currently stationed in North Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Nebraska and Colorado, from 2029 through 2075. In 2020, under the Trump administration, the Department of the Air Force gave the defense contractor, Northrop Grumman, a $13.3 billion sole-source contract for development of the GBSD after Boeing withdrew its proposal. Northrop Grumman's subcontractors on the GBSD include Lockheed Martin, General Dynamics, Bechtel, Honeywell, Aerojet Rocketdyne, Parsons, Textron and others.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Alger-Class Cruiser
The Alger class comprised three protected cruisers of the French Navy built in the late 1880s and early 1890s; the three ships were Alger, Isly, and Jean Bart. They were ordered as part of a fleet program that accorded with the theories of the Jeune École, which proposed a fleet based on cruisers and torpedo boats to defend France. The Alger-class cruisers were intended to serve a long-range commerce raiders to attack enemy merchant shipping. The ships were armed with a main battery of four 164 mm (6.5 in) guns supported by six 138 mm (5.4 in) guns and they had a top speed of 19 to 19.5 knots (35.2 to 36.1 km/h; 21.9 to 22.4 mph). After entering service, Alger and Isly were assigned to the Northern Squadron, while Jean Bart operated with the Mediterranean Squadron until 1895, when she, too, joined the Northern Squadron. That year, Alger and Isly were sent to French Indochina, and they were followed by Jean Bart followed in 1898. By that time, Alger had returned to France to serve in the Mediterranean. Jean Bart was present in the Far East during the Boxer Uprising in Qing China the following year, by which time Isly had been transferred to the North Atlantic station. Alger embarked on a second tour in East Asia in the mid-1900s, though records of when she left France are unclear. Jean Bart was wrecked off the coast of the Western Sahara in 1907 and could not be refloated. Isly was converted into a depot ship in 1909 and Alger was hulked in 1911; the former was sold to ship breakers in 1914, but Alger remained in the French Navy's inventory until 1939.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Cancer Peptides as Immunomodulatory Agents
The usage of peptide-based drugs to combat cancer is gaining significance in the pharmaceutical industry. The collateral damage caused to normal cells due to the use of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, etc. has given an impetus to the search for alternative methods of cancer treatment.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Heat Shock Protein 70 Inhibitors
A class of chaperones dubbed heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) possesses high relevance in cancer diseases due to its cooperative activity with the well-established anticancer target Hsp90. However, Hsp70 is closely connected with a smaller heat shock protein, Hsp40, forming a formidable Hsp70-Hsp40 axis in various cancers, which serves as a suitable target for anticancer drug design. 
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Modeling and Control of Isolated DC–DC Converters
Bidirectional DC–DC converters are frequently chosen for applications requiring high power density such as in bidirectional electric vehicle (EV) chargers. Vehicle to Everything (V2X) technology makes the EV battery an electrical energy source. 
  • 1.4K
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of OER for Artificial Photosynthesis
Addressing the global environmental problem of water splitting to produce hydrogen fuel by solar energy is receiving so much attention. In water splitting, the essential problem to solve is the development of efficient catalysts for oxygen production. In the generation of hydrogen by water splitting, molecular oxygen should be evolved at the same time. However, it is not so easy to artificially achieve photosynthetic oxygen generation by developing novel systems in a short period of time, which took one billion years in the natural world. The oxidation of water to produce oxygen, i.e., oxygen evolution reaction (OER), involves transfers of four electrons and four protons, while the reduction of water to produce hydrogen, i.e., hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), is a reaction of two electrons and two protons.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Functionalization of Cotton Fabrics with Nanotechnology
Textiles are commonly used in industries and households. The surface modification of textiles to impart multiple functions has recently gained a lot of attention. Researchers have successfully functionalized textiles for antibacterial, self-cleaning, flame retardant, UV protection, and enhanced performance properties. Therefore, high-tech materials and fabric constructions will improve wearer comfort while incorporating distinctive features. Among natural fibers, cotton is the most popular because of its softness, breathability, safety, low cost, regeneration performance, strength, elasticity, biodegradability, and hydrophilicity. Cotton fabric does, however, have some disadvantages, including the possibility of microbial attacks on its fibrous structure, the ease with which creases form, and the loss of mechanical strength. Microorganisms can easily grow and propagate on cotton fabrics because they are able to store humidity and have a high specific surface area. A variety of fields, including health and medicine, have benefited from cotton fibers with antimicrobial properties. Hygienic, functional, durable, and comfortable cotton fabrics are expected in modern times. Utilizing nanotechnology in cotton cloth is a significant challenge in achieving these characteristics and advancements. Nanoparticles have been incorporated into textile finishing stages to address the inherent problems while also imparting functional properties to textile materials.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Oct 2022
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