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Topic Review
Prostate Cancer Heritability and Genetic Markers
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a highly variable illness; in fact, many individuals exhibit an aggressive disease with progression and metastasis, but others exhibit a slow disease with a low tendency to advance.
  • 670
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Bioinformatics Analysis and Genetic Technologies for Glioblastoma Multiforme
As the most malignant primary brain tumor in adults, a diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) continues to carry a poor prognosis. GBM is characterized by cytoprotective homeostatic processes such as the activation of autophagy, capability to confer therapeutic resistance, evasion of apoptosis, and survival strategy even in the hypoxic and nutrient-deprived tumor microenvironment. The gold standard of therapy, which involves radiotherapy and concomitant and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), has been a game-changer for patients with GBM, relatively improving both overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS); however, TMZ is now well-known to upregulate undesirable cytoprotective autophagy, limiting its therapeutic efficacy for induction of apoptosis in GBM cells. The identification of targets utilizing bioinformatics-driven approaches, advancement of modern molecular biology technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)—CRISPR-associated protein (Cas9) or CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, and usage of microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation of gene expression led to the selection of many novel targets for new therapeutic development and the creation of promising combination therapies.
  • 670
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Adipocyte Microenvironment in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies and has low survival rates. One of the main determinants of this unfavorable prognosis is the high rate of peritoneal metastasis at diagnosis, closely related to its morbidity and mortality. The mechanism underlying peritoneal carcinomatosis is not clearly defined, but a clear preference for omental spread has been described. Growing evidence suggests that adipose tissue plays a role in promoting cancer onset and progression. Moreover, obesity can lead to changes in the original functions of adipocytes, resulting in metabolic and inflammatory changes in the adipose tissue microenvironment, potentially increasing the risk of tumor growth. 
  • 670
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Intraoperative Flow Cytometry
Flow Cytometry is an analytical technique with the ability to quantify cell phenotype and to categorize cell populations on the basis of their characteristics. Intraoperative Flow Cytometry (iFC) is the use of flow cytometry during tumor excision for rapid diagnosis of cancer cells and determination of tumor margins.
  • 669
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Decoding LncRNAs
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are ncRNAs made of more than 200 nucleotides. lncRNAs act as important regulators of gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, in both physiological and pathological conditions.
  • 669
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Blood-Derived Microvesicles in Breast Cancer
Modifying and changing (energy) metabolism is a hall mark of cancer. But how to appraise metabolic changes in cancer patients? Cancer and benign cells shed microvesicles (MV) into the blood. These MV can be easily extracted and isolated. Targeted mass spectrometry of MV is able to differentiate not only between healthy controls and cancer patients, but between molecular breast cancer subtypes. Changes detected in some of these metabolites are indicators for a worse prognosis. In summary, metabolic profiling of MV yields promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer. 
  • 669
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
N-dihydrogalactochitosan
A novel immune stimulating drug IP-001, a specific variant of the N-dihydrogalactochitosan (GC) family of molecules, has shown to be effective against metastatic tumors, when combined with different forms tumor ablation. It acts as a multi-function immune stimulant both by directly inhibiting cell membrane repair and recycling of ablation-damaged tumor cells, and indirectly by sequestering ablation-released tumor antigens, as well as recruiting and stimulating antigen presenting cells to induce a potent Th1 type T cell response against the cancer. In this review, we briefly discuss the current applications of local ablation for cancer treatment and the effects of GC in combination with other ablation therapies, a therapeutic approach that is pioneering the field of Interventional Immuno-Oncology (IIO). 
  • 668
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
MiRNA-19a in Cancer Diagnosis
Cancer is a multifactorial disease that affects millions of people every year and is one of the most common causes of death in the world. The high mortality rate is very often linked to late diagnosis; in fact, nowadays there are a lack of efficient and specific markers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. In recent years, the discovery of new diagnostic markers, including microRNAs (miRNAs), has been an important turning point for cancer research. miRNAs are small, endogenous, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. Compelling evidence has showed that many miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in human carcinomas and can act with either tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing functions. miR-19a is one of the most investigated miRNAs, whose dysregulated expression is involved in different types of tumors and has been potentially associated with the prognosis of cancer patients.
  • 668
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Tail-like Lesions
Several types of soft tissue sarcomas have peripheral infiltrative growth characteristics called tail-like lesions. It is essential to focus on the tumor invasive front (tail-like lesion)—the soft tissue sarcoma’s specific peripheral infiltrative growth characteristics—to avoid leaving unexpected tumor residues during surgery. The extent of shrinkage in tail-like lesions was related to the histopathological responses in the main part of the tumor. 
  • 668
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Immunological Backbone of Uveal Melanoma
No standard treatment has been established for metastatic uveal melanoma (mUM). Immunotherapy is commonly used for this disease even though UM has not been included in phase III clinical trials with checkpoint inhibitors. Unfortunately, only a minority of patients obtain a clinical benefit with immunotherapy. The immunological features of mUM were reviewed in order to understand if immunotherapy could still play a role for this disease.
  • 668
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
HER2+ Breast Cancer Escalation and De-Escalation Trial
Long-term outcomes in breast cancer patients differ based on the molecular subtype, with HER2-E being the most aggressive one. Advances in clinical practice have dramatically shifted HER2+ breast cancer prognosis. Risk adapted strategies to individualize therapies are necessary. De-escalation approaches have been encouraged based on the risks of clinical-pathological factors. Molecular gene subtyping could further accurately define HER2 addicted tumours that are sensitive to anti-HER2 therapies, thus sparing unnecessary treatments. The transition from immunochemistry to molecular profiling in HER2+ breast cancer is discussed. 
  • 668
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Whole Brain Radiotherapy among Lung Cancer Patients
Lung cancer is the most common cancer causing brain metastases at the time of diagnosis and brain metastases can be found in up to 50% of patients with lung cancer. Brain metastases among lung cancer patients have, in general, been associated with serious symptoms and a short survival. However, local treatments of brain metastases have been developed over time in terms of refined neuroimaging, surgery, and radiotherapy. This allows patients to receive improved treatment with prolonged benefits and fewer side effects. In addition, there have been advances in systemic oncological therapies for lung cancer patients in recent years, and systemic treatment, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, may prevent or delay brain metastases. Determining the appropriate treatment for patients with lung cancer and brain metastases, therefore, requires a clear understanding of the brain metastases, molecular characteristics, tumor histology, and the overall lung cancer prognosis.
  • 668
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Types of B-Cell Maturation Antigen Agents
B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, usually found on the surface of normal B-lymphocytes; however, it is overexpressed in pathogenic plasma cells. BCMA has two ligands, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and a B-cell activating factor (BAFF), where APRIL has a greater affinity to bind to its receptor when compared to BAFF. These ligands activate the downstream signals, such as nuclear factor kappa-B, rat sarcoma/mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B/Akt, activating anti-apoptotic protein resulting in cell survival and proliferation. BCMA can be targeted in three different ways: chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
  • 668
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitors and Immunotherapy in Cancer
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling networks serve to regulate a wide range of physiologic and cancer-associated cell processes. For instance, a variety of oncogenic mutations often lead to hyperactivation of MAPK signaling, thereby enhancing tumor cell proliferation and disease progression. As such, several components of the MAPK signaling network have been proposed as viable targets for cancer therapy.
  • 666
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in Bladder
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) represents the most frequent type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Globally, DLBCL is an aggressive disease, requiring an accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment. Primary urinary bladder lymphoma represents only 0.2% of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas, whereas secondary involvement of the urinary bladder by a systemic lymphoma is a more common event. Despite being rare, DLBCL is considered to represent the predominant primary urinary bladder lymphoma.
  • 666
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most clinically challenging cancers worldwide. New molecular-targeted agents and immunotherapy have markedly improved GC prognosis. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression is a key biomarker in first-line chemotherapy for unresectable advanced GC. Further, the addition of trastuzumab to cytotoxic chemotherapy has extended the overall survival of patients with HER2-positive advanced GC. In HER2-negative GC, the combination of nivolumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, and a cytotoxic agent has been demonstrated to prolong the overall survival of GC patients. Ramucirumab and trifluridine/tipiracil, which are second- and third-line treatments for GC, and trastuzumab deruxtecan, an antibody–drug conjugate for HER2-positive GC, have been introduced in clinics. New promising molecular-targeted agents are also being developed, and combination therapy comprising immunotherapy and molecular-targeted agents is expected.
  • 666
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in China, accounting for the majority of primary liver cancer cases. Liver resection is the preferred curative method for early-stage HCC.
  • 666
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients: QOL
Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains incurable despite treatment improvements. The health-related quality of life is a multidimensional entity which covers physical, psychological and social dimensions. It is an important outcome particularly in patients with metastatic disease, as the primary goal of therapy is no longer curation, but to provide the best possible quality of life weighted against treatment risks and adverse symptoms. Patient-reported outcomes reflecting the quality of life are usually measured with validated questionnaires to evaluate treatment strategies based on symptom burden and to improve care delivery. This review shares insights into the role of patient-reported outcome measurements in MBC patients and describes the heterogeneity of current questionnaires. We conclude that an up-to-date and standardized outcome set is needed, containing relevant domains referring to individual needs to improve the quality of life assessment among MBC patients. This is a prerequisite to learn about how they could impact the clinical care pathway. 
  • 665
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
ITK in TSCC
Interleukin-2–inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) is a member of the Tec family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases and is expressed in T-cells and mast cells.
  • 665
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Approaches in Adult Primary Spinal Cord Astrocytoma
Gliomas are primary tumors arising from supporting cells of the central nervous system (CNS), usually in the brain. The 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) classifies gliomas as adult-type diffuse gliomas or circumscribed astrocytic gliomas depending on their histology and molecular features. Spinal astrocytic gliomas are very rare, and nowadays no standard of therapy is available. Treatment options are limited: surgery is often not radical, and adjuvant therapies include mostly radiotherapy (RT) or systemic chemotherapy (CHT). 
  • 665
  • 18 Apr 2022
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