Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Types of B-Cell Maturation Antigen Agents
B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, usually found on the surface of normal B-lymphocytes; however, it is overexpressed in pathogenic plasma cells. BCMA has two ligands, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and a B-cell activating factor (BAFF), where APRIL has a greater affinity to bind to its receptor when compared to BAFF. These ligands activate the downstream signals, such as nuclear factor kappa-B, rat sarcoma/mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B/Akt, activating anti-apoptotic protein resulting in cell survival and proliferation. BCMA can be targeted in three different ways: chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
  • 663
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Volume Measurements in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) accounts for 10–15% of all hematologic malignancies, as well as 20% of deaths related to hematologic malignant tumors, predominantly affecting bone and bone marrow. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET/CT) is an important method to assess the tumor burden of these patients. It is often challenging to classify the extent of disease involvement in the PET scans for many of these patients because both focal and diffuse bone lesions may coexist, with varying degrees of FDG uptake. Different metrics involving volumetric parameters and texture features have been proposed to objectively assess these images.
  • 662
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Tail-like Lesions
Several types of soft tissue sarcomas have peripheral infiltrative growth characteristics called tail-like lesions. It is essential to focus on the tumor invasive front (tail-like lesion)—the soft tissue sarcoma’s specific peripheral infiltrative growth characteristics—to avoid leaving unexpected tumor residues during surgery. The extent of shrinkage in tail-like lesions was related to the histopathological responses in the main part of the tumor. 
  • 661
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for High-Risk Neuroblastoma
Curing high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) is a challenging endeavor, which involves the optimal application of several therapeutic modalities.  High-dose therapy transformed clinical practice, legislation, and public health policy, and it drove a two-decade period of entrepreneurial oncology. However, no ASCT strategies remain for any solid tumor indication in adults. As with most solid malignancies, higher dosing of cytotoxic agents has not resulted in a clear benefit in survival for HR-NB patients, whereas the long-term toxicity has been well defined. Fortunately, novel approaches such as anti-GD2 immunotherapy have demonstrated a significant survival benefit with a much less adverse impact on the patient’s wellbeing. 
  • 661
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Multidrug Resistance
Drug resistance in cancer is a common cause of the poor response to chemotherapy and is associated with 90% of the mortality in cancer patients. The main causes of multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer include the efflux of drugs, increased DNA repair capacity, genetic factors, and the increased metabolism of xenobiotics.
  • 661
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Whole Brain Radiotherapy among Lung Cancer Patients
Lung cancer is the most common cancer causing brain metastases at the time of diagnosis and brain metastases can be found in up to 50% of patients with lung cancer. Brain metastases among lung cancer patients have, in general, been associated with serious symptoms and a short survival. However, local treatments of brain metastases have been developed over time in terms of refined neuroimaging, surgery, and radiotherapy. This allows patients to receive improved treatment with prolonged benefits and fewer side effects. In addition, there have been advances in systemic oncological therapies for lung cancer patients in recent years, and systemic treatment, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, may prevent or delay brain metastases. Determining the appropriate treatment for patients with lung cancer and brain metastases, therefore, requires a clear understanding of the brain metastases, molecular characteristics, tumor histology, and the overall lung cancer prognosis.
  • 660
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Radio-Sensitizing Nanoparticles in Soft Tissue Sarcomas
High-atomic-number (Z) nanoparticles produce a cascade of low-energy secondary electrons and characteristic X-rays when ionized by X-ray irradiation. These secondary particles deposit their energy in the vicinity of the nanoparticles and, provided that the latter are selectively accumulated within tumor cells, this results in increased DNA damage and tumor cell deaths. The utilization of high-Z nanoparticles in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are reviewed. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the dose is enhanced by approximately 1.2 when polyethelyne glycol (PEG)-modified gold nanoparticles, and from 1.4 to 1.8 when hafnium oxide nanoparticles (NBTXR3, Nanobiotix SA, France) are introduced into tumor cells and activated by X-ray beams. In a phase 2/3 clinical trial investigating the therapeutic benefit of using nanoparticles in preoperative external beam radiotherapy for locally advanced STS, the proportion of patients with a pathological complete response in their resected tumor was doubled when NBTXR3 nanoparticles were used. Additionally, a higher percentage of patients with complete tumor resection was observed in the NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy group. Similar toxicity profiles were found for both the NBTXR3 plus radiotherapy and the radiotherapy alone patient groups. The incorporation of radio-sensitizing nanoparticles in the preoperative radiotherapy of STS could enhance treatment outcomes.
  • 660
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Approaches in Adult Primary Spinal Cord Astrocytoma
Gliomas are primary tumors arising from supporting cells of the central nervous system (CNS), usually in the brain. The 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) classifies gliomas as adult-type diffuse gliomas or circumscribed astrocytic gliomas depending on their histology and molecular features. Spinal astrocytic gliomas are very rare, and nowadays no standard of therapy is available. Treatment options are limited: surgery is often not radical, and adjuvant therapies include mostly radiotherapy (RT) or systemic chemotherapy (CHT). 
  • 659
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Histopathology of Cervical HPV Lesions
Only after fully understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of HPV lesions and their interaction with different cofactors such as the microbiota will it be possible to define the most effective strategy for patients. The Pathologist and the HPV test allows identifying women with “high risk” to be included in personalized protocols and targeted follow-up in cynical practice.
  • 659
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in Bladder
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) represents the most frequent type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Globally, DLBCL is an aggressive disease, requiring an accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment. Primary urinary bladder lymphoma represents only 0.2% of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas, whereas secondary involvement of the urinary bladder by a systemic lymphoma is a more common event. Despite being rare, DLBCL is considered to represent the predominant primary urinary bladder lymphoma.
  • 658
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Aberrant Translation in Cancer
Aberrant translation, a characteristic feature of cancer, is regulated by the complex and sophisticated RNA binding proteins (RBPs) in the canonical translation machinery. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications are the most abundant internal modifications in mRNAs mediated by methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3). METTL3 is commonly aberrantly expressed in different tumors and affects the mRNA translation of many oncogenes or dysregulated tumor suppressor genes in a variety of ways.
  • 658
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibody-Based First-Line Treatment in Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and one of the main causes of cancer-related death. While surgical treatment is the only curative option for early disease, many have inoperable or advanced disease at diagnosis. Treatment in this case would be a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Gastro-esophageal (GEJ) and gastric cancer (GC) genetic profiling with molecular diagnostic techniques has significantly changed the therapeutic landscape in advanced cancers. The identification of key players in GEJ and GC survival and proliferation, such as human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), has allowed for the individualization of advanced cancer treatment and significant improvement in overall survival and progression-free survival of patients. 
  • 658
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cutting-Edge Therapies for Lung Cancer
Lung cancer remains a formidable global health challenge that necessitates inventive strategies to improve its therapeutic outcomes. The conventional treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, have demonstrated limitations in achieving sustained responses. Therefore, exploring novel approaches encompasses a range of interventions that show promise in enhancing the outcomes for patients with advanced or refractory cases of lung cancer. These groundbreaking interventions can potentially overcome cancer resistance and offer personalized solutions.
  • 658
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Determinants of Cancer-Induced Bone Pain
Cancer-related pain is arguably the most common consequences of this disease, significantly reducing quality of life and affecting the ability to complete everyday tasks and live a normal life. Among these, cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is one of the most prevalent, presenting as movement-related, constant or most commonly, in combination. Bone metastases can then induce CIBP in several ways, many of which are still under investigation. Indeed, bone is a richly innervated tissue, and sensitive neurons can be found in both the periosteum and the bone marrow.
  • 657
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cannabidiol in Cancer Management
Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the main constituents of the plant Cannabis sativa. Surveys suggest that medicinal cannabis is popular amongst people diagnosed with cancer. CBD is one of the key constituents of cannabis, and does not have the potentially intoxicating effects that tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the other key phytocannabinoid has. Research suggests that CBD may be able to address some of the hallmarks of cancer, as well as treat many of the symptoms and signs associated with cancer and its orthodox treatment. There is also evidence that CBD can work synergistically with some chemotherapeutic agents. CBD shows much promise in the integrative management of cancer. 
  • 657
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Oral Microbiota in Head and Neck Cancers
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) comprises the majority of tumors in head and neck tissues. The prognosis of HNSCC has not significantly improved for decades, signifying the need for new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Recent evidence suggests that oral microbiota is associated with carcinogenesis.
  • 657
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
LncRNA H19 Impairs Chemo and Radiotherapy in BC
Long non-coding RNAs, H19 in particular, have been revealed as powerful protective factors in various types of cancer, including breast cancer (BC).
  • 657
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Antioxidant Protection against Trastuzumab Cardiotoxicity in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignant neoplastic disease in women, with an estimated 2.3 million cases in 2020 worldwide. Trastuzumab is part of the monoclonal antibodies used as targeted therapy against HER2 receptor, whose major problem is its cardiac safety profile, where it has been associated with cardiotoxicity. The appearance of cardiotoxicity is an indication to stop therapy.
  • 657
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Harnessing Glutamine: Strategies and Perspectives in Cancer Therapy
Glutamine, a multifaceted nonessential/conditionally essential amino acid integral to cellular metabolism and immune function, holds pivotal importance in the landscape of cancer therapy.
  • 657
  • 25 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Immunological Backbone of Uveal Melanoma
No standard treatment has been established for metastatic uveal melanoma (mUM). Immunotherapy is commonly used for this disease even though UM has not been included in phase III clinical trials with checkpoint inhibitors. Unfortunately, only a minority of patients obtain a clinical benefit with immunotherapy. The immunological features of mUM were reviewed in order to understand if immunotherapy could still play a role for this disease.
  • 656
  • 08 Sep 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 129
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback