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Topic Review
Ventilation System
An additional window frame with a ventilation function is applied to the existing window. Thus, when the window is closed, a cavity, which is created between window frames, serves as an air path for ventilation. The additional frame has the same material and finishing as the existing frame, thereby ensuring design consistency. On the outside, the frame does not show any application of the mechanical system. Another advantage of the proposed system is that, as the width is 65 mm, it occupies as small an area as possible and minimally affects the view from the inside. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a generally used material for windows, is used for the ventilation system, and this system is formed in a "U"-shape consistent with the existing window frame. This system can be attached or detached on the existing window frame and does not generate either a gap or a distance in the process of installation for airtightness. The cavity is 45 mm in width, 20 mm in depth, and 1940 mm in height and serves as an air path connected to the outdoor air intake and the indoor air supply outlet.
  • 820
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Geopolymers vs. Cement Matrix Materials
Geopolymers are spreading more and more in the cementitious materials field, exhibiting technological properties that are highly competitive to conventional Portland concrete mixes.
  • 817
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Shotcrete
With the swift global development of tunnels, mines, subways, water conservancy and hydropower projects, and so on, shotcrete, as an advanced support method, is widely applied to surrounding rock control and roadway closure. Shotcrete is a kind of concrete formed by mixing concrete materials, such as gel material, aggregate, and so on, into the ejection equipment, by means of compressed air or other power transmission, and sprayed onto the spray surface at high speed. Shotcrete technology was first used in mining and civil engineering by the United States in 1914. It has a history of more than 100 years. 
  • 814
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Properties and Applications of Geopolymer Mortar
Classic cement mortar is often utilised as a standard binding and repairing material in various engineering structures. Many scholars have addressed GPM’s viability and potential applications as a suitable replacement for regular cement mortar. Sathonsaowaphak was the first to investigate geopolymer mortar and studied the properties of bottom ash fineness, ash/liquid alkali ratio, NaOH/Na2SiO3 ratio, NaOH dosage, water to ash ratio, and superplasticiser on the behaviour in terms of workability and compressive strength of GPM. Geopolymer mortar has a mechanical strength of 24–58 MPa, and adding NaOH solution improves the workability performance of GPM without reducing strength. According to the results of Detphan and Chindaprasirt, who prepared GPC using rice husk ash and fly ash and activated by NaOH and NaSiO3 solution as a liquid for the mix, they found that the maximum strength of GPM is acquired by employing a Na2SiO3-to-NaOH mass ratio of four. Moreover, more discussion about geopolymer mortar properties is reported in the following Content.
  • 814
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Smart Pavement Data with Decision Support Systems
Nowadays, pavement management systems (PMS) are mainly based on monitoring processes that have been established for a long time, and strongly depend on acquired experience. However, with the emergence of smart technologies, such as internet of things and artificial intelligence, PMS could be improved by applying these new smart technologies to their decision support systems, not just by updating their data collection methodologies, but also their data analysis tools. The application of these smart technologies to the field of pavement monitoring and condition evaluation will undoubtedly contribute to more efficient, less costly, safer, and environmentally friendly methodologies.
  • 812
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Energy Efficiency Measures
Nowadays, the importance of implementing energy efficiency (EE) measures is growing significantly worldwide, based on its potential to reduce energy demands and mitigate climate change effects. 
  • 808
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Computer Vision-Based Structural Deformation Monitoring in Field Environments
Computer vision-based structural deformation monitoring techniques were studied in a large number of applications in the field of structural health monitoring (SHM). Numerous laboratory tests and short-term field applications contributed to the formation of the basic framework of computer vision deformation monitoring systems towards developing long-term stable monitoring in field environments.
  • 808
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
History of Passive Sliding Base Isolation Systems
Base isolation techniques have emerged as the most effective seismic damage mitigation strategies. Several types of aseismic devices for base isolation have been invented, studied, and used. Out of several isolation systems, sliding isolation systems are popular due to their operational simplicity and ease of manufacturing. These isolators behave passively i.e. their properties of independent of frequency of earthquake excitation. Herein, the historical development of passive sliding isolators based on the number of sliding surfaces is discussed.
  • 806
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Polyurea for Blast and Impact Protection
Polyurea has attracted extensive attention from researchers and engineers in the field of blast and impact protection due to its excellent quasi-static mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical properties. Its mechanical properties and energy absorption capacity have been tuned by means of formulation optimization, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and the addition of reinforcing materials. Owing to the special molecular structure of polyurea, the mechanism of polyurea protection against blasts and impacts is the simultaneous effect of multiple properties. For different substrates and structures, polyurea needs to provide different performance characteristics, including adhesion, hardness, breaking elongation, etc., depending on the characteristics of the load to which it is subjected. 
  • 805
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Bacteria-Based Self-Healing Concrete
Cracking is one of the main ways that concrete ages, allowing pollutants to seep within and potentially lowering the physical and mechanical strength and endurance of concrete structures. One of the healing procedures that merits research is the use of bacterially generated calcium carbonate precipitation in concrete mixtures to mend concrete cracks. 
  • 805
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Underlying Factors and Strategies for Organizational BIM Capabilities
Building information modeling (BIM) has a significant role in the architecture, engineering, construction, and operation (AECO) industries. Most BIM benefits have not been grasped due to the lack of organizational BIM capabilities (OBIMCs). Accordingly, organizations must develop intuitive strategies to support BIM implementation and to fulfill the promised benefits.
  • 804
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Source, Preparation and Fundamental Properties of Recycled Powder
Recycled powder (RP) is a by-product of preparing recycled aggregates from construction waste through debris removal, step-by-step crushing, screening, and mechanical strengthening. It is a fine powder with a particle size of less than 75 μm.
  • 795
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Mechanical Strength and Durability of Dune Sand
According to the authors’ best information, the majority of research focuses on other waste materials, such as recycling industrial waste (glass, silica fume, marble and waste foundry sand), etc. However, some researchers suggest dune sand as an alternative material for concrete production, but knowledge is still scarce. Therefore, a comprehensive overview is required on dune sand to evaluate its current progress as well as its effects on the strength and durability properties of concrete. 
  • 793
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Building Information Modelling for Post-Disaster Reconstruction
Disasters can be defined as “an action that causes a threat to life, well-being, material goods, and the environment from the extremes of natural processes or technology” . Natural and human-made disasters affect the built environment. The large-scale damages caused by infrastructures and houses are accompanied by injuries and fatalities, reversal or stagnation of the local economy, and mislaying of livelihood sources. Post-disaster reconstruction (PDR) has been gaining more attention in the world because of frequent natural environment disasters, such as earthquakes tsunamis, and other activities, caused by human-made factors, such as conflicts and wars, which have raised the importance of PDR.
  • 792
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Urban Resilience Assessment
This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the state of knowledge on urban resilience assessment through mapping the knowledge domain and highlighting emerging trends during different periods. The objects of study were 420 papers published in the Web of Science from 1998 to 2020. Science mapping was done using VOSviewer and CiteSpace, two widely known software tools for bibliometrics analysis and scientometric visualization. The results show that research published on urban resilience assessment was very limited and fragmented until 2009, and the focus has mainly been on risk mitigation and vulnerability assessment. The intellectual base grew between 2010 and 2014, when a paradigm shift from approaches based on robustness and reliability toward more adaptation-oriented approaches occurred. Finally, the annual publication trends have grown rapidly over the past five years and there has been more emphasis on climate change adaptation and flood resilience.
  • 790
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Sustainable Development through the Perspective of Construction 4.0
The construction industry utilizes a substantial number of resources, which has negative impacts on both environmental and socioeconomic aspects. Therefore, it is important to reduce these negative impacts and maintain sustainable development (SD). Studies suggest that integrating Industry 4.0 (also called Construction 4.0 (C4.0) in the construction industry) and SD may help address these concerns, which is a new and ever-evolving field.
  • 782
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Rainfall Forecasting
Various rtificial intelligence techniques (AITs), including artificial neural networks (ANNs), support vector machine (SVM), and Fuzzy logic (FL), have been employed for rainfall forecasting. These techniques have been used to model the relationships between meteorological variables and rainfall and to predict future rainfall based on historical data.
  • 782
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Natural Fiber in Cementitious Composites
The use of natural fibers in cementitious composites continue gaining acceptability and applicability due to its advantages over other artificial and synthetic fiber; this is because natural fibers are more economical and environmentally friendly and sustainable. Additionally, their biodegradability, lightweight and lower density, higher strength-to-weight ratio, and non-toxicity give them some advantages when used in place of synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon fibers. Furthermore, the production and processing of natural fibers involve less energy in comparison to other synthetic fibers. As a reference, the processing and production of jute natural finer, requires only about 7% of the energy needed to produce the same weight of polypropylene artificial fibers. Additionally, the production of 1 tons of polypropylene fiber generates about 3.7 tons of CO2, while the jute fiber absorbs CO2. Some of the major shortcomings of using natural fibers are its hydrophobic nature. Another problem related to the use of natural fibers in cement composites is its higher variations in properties, causing erratic cementitious materials properties; these defects need modification for the fiber to be effectively used and enhance the properties of cementitious composites.
  • 779
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Solar Control Films for Building Glazings
Buildings with a high window-to-wall ratio tend to suffer from excessive solar gains/losses that usually result in high energy demand and discomfort for occupants. Solar control films (SCFs) are a passive solution with the potential to increase the performance of new or refurbished glazing they are applied to. The presence of SCFs can significantly reduce indoor solar radiation and illuminance levels, particularly with reflective films applied to south-oriented glazing (north hemisphere). Glazing systems with SCFs were reported to promote cooling energy savings compared with clear glazing in hot climates. Studies have explored the visual and thermal comfort performance of SCFs, concluding that these films promote thermal comfort, and reduce excessive illuminance and potential glare. 
  • 775
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Crumb Rubber
The crumb rubber (CR) recycled from waste tyres could be a viable alternative in achieving green pavements that offer exciting new markets to global investors. Adding CR into flexible pavements enhances their performance and ensures environmental sustainability.
  • 775
  • 08 Dec 2023
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