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Topic Review
Aptamer-Sensors for Quantification of AFB1
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most frequently-found mycotoxins in contaminated food. As the content of mycotoxins is particularly low in food, the development of probes to detect AFB1 in foods with high sensitivity and selectivity is an urgent social need for the evaluation of food quality. Numerous techniques have been developed to monitor AFB1. Nevertheless, most of them require cumbersome, labor-consuming, and sophisticated instruments, which have limited their application. An aptamer is a single, short nucleic acid sequence that is capable of recognizing different targets. Owing to their unique properties, aptamers have been considered as alternatives to antibodies. Aptasensors are considered to be an emerging strategy for the quantification of aflatoxin B1 with high selectivity and sensitivity. 
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Ambient Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Its Applications
Ambient mass spectrometry imaging (AMSI) has attracted much attention in recent years. As a kind of unlabeled molecular imaging technique, AMSI can enable in situ visualization of a large number of compounds in biological tissue sections in ambient conditions. In this review, the developments of various AMSI techniques are discussed according to one-step and two-step ionization strategies. In addition, recent applications of AMSI for lipid and metabolite analysis (from 2016 to 2021) in disease diagnosis, animal model research, plant science, drug metabolism and toxicology research, etc., are summarized. Finally, further perspectives of AMSI in spatial resolution, sensitivity, quantitative ability, convenience and software development are proposed. 
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Agave By-Products
Throughout this review, we have highlighted the current potential of agave by-products as low-cost and natural materials with several applications as biofuels, materials for nanocomposites, and functional ingredients. Among the methods used for by-products processing, US and microwaves are promising and eco-friendly methods for the efficient saccharification and increased digestibility of agave, that can eventually replace chemical processing, reducing waste generation. In this regard, future studies are required concerning accessible, low-cost, and more efficient technologies as a more attractive way for the industry to make a sustainable utilization of this by-product.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Pesticides Removal Using Metal Oxide and Their Composites
Persistent organic chemicals (POPs) are highly hazardous to the ecosystem and living organisms. Their non-biodegradability allows them to accumulate easily in the food chain, affecting both humans and wildlife. Pesticides are one class of POPs with half-lives that can extend to years. They have been used abundantly to control the growth of the crops by exterminating pests including insects, fungi, and microorganisms in agricultural farms.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Production of Isophorone
Isophorone is a technically important compound used as a high-boiling-point solvent for coatings, adhesives, etc., and it is used as a starting material for various valuable compounds, including isophorone diisocyanate, a precursor for polyurethanes. For over 80 years, isophorone has been synthesized via base-catalyzed self-condensation of acetone. This reaction has a complex reaction mechanism with numerous possible reaction steps including the formation of isophorone, triacetone dialcohol, and ketonic resins. This review provides an overview of the different production processes of isophorone in liquid- and vapor-phase and reviews the literature-reported selectivity toward isophorone achieved using different reaction parameters and catalysts.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Crop Wastes
The food industry as a whole is one of the main contributors for food losses and waste generation. To deal with such wastes, research and efforts have been made for the development and valorization of bioactive compounds present in food wastes such as leaves, peels, seeds, and pulp.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Ru(II)-Dppz Derivatives and DNA
Transition metal complexes with dppz-type ligands (dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine) are extensively studied and attract a considerable amount of attention, becoming, from the very beginning and increasingly over time, a powerful tool for investigating the structure of the DNA helix. In particular, [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)]2+ and [Ru(phen)2(dppz)]2+ and their derivatives were extensively investigated as DNA light-switches. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Photocatalytic Desulfurization
Desulfurization of fuels such as diesel, gasoline, kerosene, and jet fuel has been a challenging operation and remains critical to the petrochemical industry. The main naturally occurring sulfur-containing organic compounds (SCCs) are sulfides, disulfides, mercaptans, thiophene (Th) and its derivatives (benzothiophene (BT), dibenzothiophenes (DBTs), 4-methylbenzothiophene (4-MBT), 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT), 3,7-dimethyldibenzothiophene (3,7-DMDBT), and 2,8-dimethyldibenzothiophene (2,8-DMDBT)). The presence of these SCCs in fuels is undesirable since they create problems during refining, namely deactivation of some catalysts and corrosion of equipment. Moreover, sulfur compounds release toxic SOx and cause severe environmental problems: water and air pollution, global warming, ecological instability, as well as the harmful impact on living organisms. Many countries (USA, European Union, Japan, China and so on) have introduced strict standards to limit the content of sulfur in fuels to 10 ppm.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4)-Based Bioceramics
A strong interest was raised in studying ceramics as potential bone grafts due to their biomechanical properties. Current biomedical applications of CaPO4-based bioceramics include artificial bone grafts, bone augmentations, maxillofacial reconstruction, spinal fusion, and periodontal disease repairs, as well as bone fillers after tumor surgery.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage
The design of molecular solar fuels is challenging because of the long list of requirements these molecules have to fulfil: storage density, solar harvesting capacity, robustness, and heat release ability. All of these features cause a paradoxical design due to the conflicting effects found when trying to improve any of these properties.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Material Design in Implantable Biosensors
The impressive development in biosensing devices has led to the creation of man-made implantable devices that are temporarily or permanently introduced into the human body, and thus, diminishing the pain and discomfort of the person. Biosensors in the in vivo environment are required to have specific features, including biocompatibility (minimal immune response or biofouling), biodegradability, reliability, high accuracy, and miniaturization (flexible, stretchable, lightweight, and ultra-thin). However, the performance of implantable biosensors is limited by body responses and insufficient power supplies (due to minimized batteries/electronics and data transmission without wires).
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Application of Ionic Liquids for Metals
The recovery and separation of individual elements, critical materials and valuable metals from complex systems requires complex energy-consuming solutions with many hazardous chemicals used. Ionic liquids (ILs), also known as molten salts and future solvents, are endowed with unique features that have already had a promising impact on cutting-edge science and technologies. Functionalized ILs, solid extraction, Supported Ionic Liquid Phase (SILP), and agricultural waste-based IL show great promise for sustainable high-value metal recovery. 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Vanadium Oxides
Vanadium-based compounds exhibit a range of oxidation states, including V5+, V4+, V3+, and V2+, making them feasible to composite with many other anions and cations to form vanadium oxides, vanadium carbides, vanadium nitrides, vanadium sulphides, vanadium phosphates, and metal vanadates.Among them, vanadium oxides have attracted interest for energy storage in the past decades.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Biohydrogen for Sustainable Energy Solutions
Energy plays a crucial role in the sustainable development of modern nations. Hydrogen is considered the most promising alternative fuel as it can be generated from clean and green sources. Moreover, it is an efficient energy carrier because hydrogen burning only generates water as a byproduct. It is generated from natural gas. However, it can be produced using other methods, i.e., physicochemical, thermal, and biological. The biological method is considered more environmentally friendly and pollution free.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Photonic Crystals-based Plasmonic Photocatalysts
Plasmonic photocatalysts, noble-metal (NM)-modified wide-bandgap semiconductors with activity under visible-light (vis) irradiation, due to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), have been intensively investigated over the last few years as efficient materials for environmental purification and energy conversion. However, the low quantum yields of photocatalytic reactions under vis irradiation, resulting from fast charge carriers' recombination, must be overcome for possible commercialization. Accordingly, the morphology design of plasmonic photocatalysts for efficient light harvesting has been proposed by using wide-bandgap semiconductors in the form of photonic crystals (PCs). 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of OER for Artificial Photosynthesis
Addressing the global environmental problem of water splitting to produce hydrogen fuel by solar energy is receiving so much attention. In water splitting, the essential problem to solve is the development of efficient catalysts for oxygen production. In the generation of hydrogen by water splitting, molecular oxygen should be evolved at the same time. However, it is not so easy to artificially achieve photosynthetic oxygen generation by developing novel systems in a short period of time, which took one billion years in the natural world. The oxidation of water to produce oxygen, i.e., oxygen evolution reaction (OER), involves transfers of four electrons and four protons, while the reduction of water to produce hydrogen, i.e., hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), is a reaction of two electrons and two protons.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membranes
Sufficient access to clean energy sources is one of the ongoing key challenges for global development that directly impacts industrial development, economic growth, and human well-being. Historically, the energy sector is widely dominated based on fossil fuels (such as petroleum fuels, natural gas, coal, etc.), which are the primary sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases emissions in the environment. 
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Nanoscience Delivery Systems Used in Nutricosmetic Sector
Nutricosmetics is a new cosmetics sector that uses an integrated “In and Out” approach. Cosmetic products together with food supplements such as micronutrients (minerals, vitamins), macronutrients (peptides, essential fatty acids), and botanicals (herbal and fruit extracts)  are employed to nourish the skin and reduce skin aging.  Biopolymeric nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, and colloids are delivery systems applied to improve the bioactive components’ performance in food supplements and cosmetics. The toxicity of nano-sized delivery systems is unclear despite food supplements and cosmetic industries using them. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Phenoxypyridine as an Active Scaffold for Pesticides
Phenoxypyridine, the bioisostere of diaryl ethers, has been widely introduced into bioactive molecules as an active scaffold, which has different properties from diaryl ethers. In this paper, the bioactivities, structure-activity relationships, and mechanism of compounds containing phenoxypyridine were summarized, which may help to explore the lead compounds and discover novel pesticides with potential bioactivities.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Enzymes Related to Early Skin-Aging
Skin is the largest organ of the human body and is a great shield, as it protects it from external infections (environmental and chemical pollutants) as well as from UV irradiation. However, it is vulnerable since its degradation can occur both due to extrinsic and intrinsic factors, leading to early aging. Among all, extrinsic skin aging, called photoaging, is a remarkable result of oxidative stress caused by UV irradiation. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have also been found to contribute to skin aging, as they are produced in skin cells through UV irradiation, although at low concentrations they could be beneficial for some signaling pathways. Environmental and chemical pollutants also produce ROS, triggering a number of pathologies. Skin’s connective tissue includes a number of constituents, including collagen fibrils, elastic fibers, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans. Among all, proteins like elastin, collagen, the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid, and a polymeric pigment called melanin play pivotal roles in the regulation of skin’s elasticity as well as its protection against UV irradiation.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
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