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Topic Review
Lectin Activity
A purificação de biomoléculas com alto grau de especificidade, como as lectinas, tem despertado interesse no uso de leitos fixos não tradicionais funcionalizados com ligantes de particular interesse. A interação é robusta o suficiente para permitir a adsorção de glicoproteínas e reversível o suficiente para permitir a dissociação de moléculas em resposta a mudanças no pH da solução. Estudos sobre adsorventes não convencionais, como suportes cromatográficos, podem fundamentar, enriquecer e auxiliar projetos em diversas áreas do conhecimento. Criogênios de poliacrilamida são emergentes e eficientes, podendo ser sintetizados e ter suas matrizes modificadas para múltiplos fins e técnicas cromatográficas. Também são funcionais e apresentam baixo custo quando comparados aos adsorventes cromatográficos convencionais. Nesse contexto, as lectinas podem ser utilizadas principalmente na prevenção de doenças autoimunes e em estudos com biossensores.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Succinic Acid Membrane Purification Technologies
Recently, the bioconversion of biomass into biofuels and biocommodities has received significant attention. Although green technologies for biofuel and biocommodity production are advancing, the productivity and yield from these techniques are low. Over the past years, various recovery and purification techniques have been developed and successfully employed to improve these technologies. However, these technologies still require improvement regarding the energy-consumption-related costs, low yield and product purity. In the context of sustainable green production, this review presents a broad review of membrane purification technologies/methods for succinic acid, a biocommodity obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. 
  • 999
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Microbial Fuel Cells for Electrical Energy
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology turns chemical energy into bioelectricity in a clean and efficient manner, lowering carbon emissions and increasing bioenergy production. It is a multifaceted technique that has the potential to be a panacea for clean water scarcity and sustainable, renewable energy.
  • 997
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion to Furan Derivatives
Lignocellulosic biomass as abundant, renewable, and sustainable carbon feedstock is an alternative to relieve the dependence on fossil fuels and satisfy the demands of chemicals and materials
  • 971
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Arsenic Removal Technologies
Arsenic contamination of ground and drinking water is an outcome of both natural and man-made activities including farming activities, urbanization, industrialization, mining, volcanic ash/ eruption, weathering processes, and agricultural pesticides. The majority of people are exposed to arsenic through food and drinking water. Long-term arsenic poisoning occurs because of eating food grown in arsenic-rich groundwater; this water has been revealed to be used in the cultivation of agricultural products, vegetables, and rice that are used for human consumption. Different treatment technologies are used to combat polluted water. These technologies include electrocoagulation, magnetic biochar, oxidation, ion exchange, membrane filtration, coagulation and electrocoagulation, lime softening, capacitive deionization (CDI), adsorption, stabilization/encapsulation, phytoremediation, and bioremediation
  • 968
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Advances in Permeation of Solutes into Hair
The permeation and absorption of solutes into human hair are highly relevant to various applications, including the formulation of hair-care products, the development of water pollution control and remediation, and the risk assessment of environmental exposure.
  • 967
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Micro-Engineered Kidney, Liver, and Respiratory System Models
Developing novel drug formulations and progressing them to the clinical environment relies on preclinical in vitro studies and animal tests to evaluate efficacy and toxicity. However, these current techniques have failed to accurately predict the clinical success of new therapies with a high degree of certainty. The main reason for this failure is that conventional in vitro tissue models lack numerous physiological characteristics of human organs, such as biomechanical forces and biofluid flow. Moreover, animal models often fail to recapitulate the physiology, anatomy, and mechanisms of disease development in human. These shortfalls often lead to failure in drug development, with substantial time and money spent. To tackle this issue, organ-on-chip technology offers realistic in vitro human organ models that mimic the physiology of tissues, including biomechanical forces, stress, strain, cellular heterogeneity, and the interaction between multiple tissues and their simultaneous responses to a therapy. For the latter, complex networks of multiple-organ models are constructed together, known as multiple-organs-on-chip. Numerous studies have demonstrated successful application of organ-on-chips for drug testing, with results comparable to clinical outcomes.
  • 961
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lignin Gasification
The gasification of biomass aims to transform heterogeneous feedstocks into syngas and heat that could be used for various purposes. Lignin is a biomass feedstock of special interest due to its particular properties and its ability to be obtained in abundant quantities as a side product from the paper pulp industry as well as the growing cellulosic ethanol industry.
  • 921
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Synthesis Methodologies of Topological Nanomaterials
The discovery of topological materials has opened up new areas in condensed matter physics. These materials are noted for their distinctive electronic properties, unlike conventional insulators and metals. This discovery has not only spurred new research areas but also offered innovative approaches to electronic device design. A key aspect of these materials is now that transforming them into nanostructures enhances the presence of surface or edge states, which are the key components for their unique electronic properties. Synthesis methods are discussed, including vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) growth, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and chemical conversion techniques. Moreover, the scaling down of topological nanomaterials has revealed new electronic and magnetic properties due to quantum confinement.
  • 901
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Conversion of Lignocellulose to Bioethanol
Biomass feedstock is a material of biological origin that can be converted to various bio-based products, such as ethanol, in a biorefinery. Lignocellulosic biomass is considered an environmentally friendly, sustainable energy production resource. The various lignocellulosic biomass sources include industrial and agricultural waste, as well as forestry lignocellulosic biomass. The depletion of fossil fuel resources and the negative impact of their use on the climate have resulted in the need for alternative sources of clean, sustainable energy. One available alternative, bioethanol, is a potential substitute for, or additive to, petroleum-derived gasoline. In the lignocellulose-to-bioethanol process, the cellulose hydrolysis step represents a major hurdle that hinders commercialization.
  • 897
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Use of Biofuels and (Bio)lubricants in Compression-Ignition Engines
The environmental sustainability of agricultural and industrial vehicles, as well as of the transportation sector, represents one of the most critical challenges to the sustainable development of a nation. In recent decades, compression-ignition engines have been widely used in on-road and off-road vehicles due to their better fuel economy, autonomy, compactness, and mechanical performance (spec. the high torque values). Due to the consistent environmental impact of fossil fuels, scientists are searching for alternative energy sources while preserving the beneficial features of diesel engines. The utilization of blends of diesel fuel, biodiesel, and bioethanol fuel (referred to as “ternary blends”) is among the most promising solutions for replacing fossil fuels in the near term, allowing, at the same time, us to continue using existing vehicles until new technologies are developed, consolidated and adapted to the agricultural and industrial sector. These ternary blends can lower exhaust emissions without creating major problems for existing fuel-feeding systems, typically designed for low-viscosity fossil fuels. One of the concerns in using liquid biofuels, specifically biodiesel, is the high chemical affinity with conventional and bio-based lubricants, so the main parameters of lubricants can vary significantly after a long operation of the engine. The technical challenges and the main research pathways are presented herein.
  • 896
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Modification Strategies in Developing Antifouling Nanofiltration Membranes
Nanofiltration (NF) is one of the promising technologies for water reclamation application, particularly in desalination, water, and wastewater treatment fields. A membrane with antifouling capability can be developed by tuning the membrane’s physicochemical properties to alter the membrane-foulant interaction.
  • 875
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Photocatalytic Systems
Microplastic pollution has become a global environmental concern with detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health. Effective removal of microplastics from water sources is crucial to mitigate their impacts. Advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) have emerged as promising strategies for the degradation and elimination of microplastics.
  • 875
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Strategies to Improve Water Resistance in Protein Adhesives
Proteins are the most abundant class of bio-based adhesive feedstocks; they are primarily linear polyamides composed of polypeptides linkages of amino acids. The fundamental structure is determined by the polypeptide structure of the protein. The overall mechanism to produce protein-based adhesives is a denaturing process that involves an aqueous reaction matrix. Protein adhesives stand out due to their sustainability, renewable sources, and biodegradability. However, they are limited by poor wet strength and water resistance, which affect their wide acceptability in the marketplace. Researchers have developed multiple strategies to mitigate these issues to advance protein adhesives so they may compete more favorably with their petroleum-based counterparts.
  • 851
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
CO2 Catalytic Hydrogenation to Hydrocarbons
The continuously increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere have mandated the development of innovative strategies and technologies to reduce their emissions. Currently, the use of CO2 as a raw material is becoming promising in the context of sustainable development and environmental protection CO2 is already used in different fields, such as food processing, drinks, medicine, and industry, but these sequestration methods are characterized by temporary operation. However, CO2 may also be used in the synthesis of fine chemicals and fuels, representing a promising approach for feedstock substitution in a sustainable way.
  • 833
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Polymer-Based Constructs for Flexor Tendon Repair
A flexor tendon injury is acquired fast and is common for athletes, construction workers, and military personnel among others, treated in the emergency department. However, the healing of injured flexor tendons is stretched over a long period of up to 12 weeks, therefore, remaining a significant clinical problem. Postoperative complications, arising after traditional tendon repair strategies, include adhesion and tendon scar tissue formation, insufficient mechanical strength for early active mobilization, and infections. Various researchers have tried to develop innovative strategies for developing a polymer-based construct that minimalizes these postoperative complications, yet none are routinely used in clinical practice. Understanding the role such constructs play in tendon repair should enable a more targeted approach. 
  • 831
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Modelling Coal Dust Explosibility of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Coal
Coal dust explosion constitutes a significant hazard in underground coal mines, coal power plants and other industries utilising coal as fuel. Knowledge of the explosion mechanism and the factors causing coal explosions is essential to investigate for the identification of the controlling factors for preventing coal dust explosions and improving safety conditions. However, the underlying mechanism involved in coal dust explosions is rarely studied under Artificial Intelligence (AI) based modelling. Coal from three different regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, was tested for explosibility in 1.2 L Hartmann apparatus under various particle sizes and dust concentrations. First, a random forest algorithm was used to model the relationship between inputs (coal dust particle size, coal concentration and gross calorific value (GCV)), outputs (maximum pressure (Pmax) and the deflagration index (Kst)). The model reported an R2 value of 0.75 and 0.89 for Pmax and Kst. To further understand the impact of each feature causing explosibility, the random forest AI model was further analysed for sensitivity analysis by SHAP (Shapley Additive exPlanations). The most critical parameter affecting the explosibility of coal dust were particle size > GCV > concentration for Pmax and GCV > Particle size > Concentration for Kst. Mutual interaction SHAP plots of two variables at a time revealed that with <200 gm/L concentration, −73 µm size and a high GCV coal was the most explosive at a high concentration (>400 gm/L), explosibility is relatively lower irrespective of GCV and particle sizes.
  • 821
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Gas–Liquid Slug Flow in Honeycomb Microchannel Reactor
The microreactor is characterized by large specific surface area, short diffusion transmission path and strong controllability. The pressure distribution inside the microreactor was closely related to the phase distribution. The increasing inlet gas velocity increased the gas phase volume fraction, as well as the gas slug length. Higher gas velocity resulted in stronger turbulence of the liquid phase flow field and a deviation of residence time distribution from normal distribution, but it was favorable to even more residence time during the liquid phase. There also exists a secondary flow in the gas–liquid interface.
  • 820
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Thin Film Nanocomposite Forward Osmosis Membranes
Forward osmosis (FO) is a low-energy treatment process driven by osmosis to induce the separation of water from dissolved solutes/foulants through the membrane in hydraulic pressure absence while retaining all of these materials on the other side. 
  • 816
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Heat Transfer Limitations in Supercritical Water Gasification
Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is a promising technology for the valorization of wet biomass with a high-water content, which has attracted increasing interest. Many experimental studies have been carried out using conventional heating equipment at lab scale, where researchers try to obtain insight into the process. However, heat transfer from the energy source to the fluid stream entering the reactor may be ineffective, so slow heating occurs that produces a series of undesirable reactions, especially char formation and tar formation. This paper reviews the limitations due to different factors affecting heat transfer, such as low Reynolds numbers or laminar flow regimes, unknown real fluid temperature as this is usually measured on the tubing surface, the strong change in physical properties of water from subcritical to supercritical that boosts a deterioration in heat transfer, and the insufficient mixing, among others. In addition, some troubleshooting and new perspectives in the design of efficient and effective devices are described and proposed to enhance heat transfer, which is an essential aspect in the experimental studies of SCWG to move it forward to a larger scale.
  • 813
  • 17 Jan 2022
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