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Topic Review
Resin-Dentine Interfaces in Polymeric Dental Adhesives
Restorative and adhesive dentistry has witnessed extraordinary improvements after the innovations in contemporary adhesive materials. These new adhesive systems do not require any mechanical retention through features such as dovetails, grooves, sharp internal angles, and undercuts. For the success of modern restorative dentistry, these adhesive systems play a critical role, as sound tooth structure would be preserved using these newer systems. In addition, by using these contemporary and advanced adhesive systems, secondary caries due to microleakage may be reduced or eliminated.
  • 970
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Sedatives in Dental Implant Surgery
Implant surgery is a lengthy dental procedure, and sedation is often used to reduce discomfort. The effectiveness of sedation has traditionally been evaluated in terms of patient and surgeon satisfaction, but the most important goal is not to induce a deep sleep in the patient, but rather to ensure that the surgery is performed safely and as planned. Additionally, adequate pain control is a necessary requirement for patient and surgeon satisfaction. Most patients undergoing implant surgery are middle-aged or older, and a relatively large number of them have cardiovascular disease. Infiltration anesthesia using articaine or lidocaine in combination with adrenaline is widely used, but its use in patients with cardiovascular disease is limited because of adrenaline’s effects on the cardiovascular system. The use of long-acting local anesthetics and the potential efficacy of ultrasound-guided jaw nerve block have been investigated to enhance analgesia without resorting to adrenaline. Midazolam and propofol are usually used for sedation, but dexmedetomidine, which causes less respiratory depression, and the ultrashort-acting benzodiazepine remimazolam are emerging as potential alternatives. Monitoring of anesthetic depth using electroencephalography is effective in maintaining a constant level of sedation. In addition, sedation promotes the stabilization of heart rate and blood pressure, reducing the risks associated with adrenaline and allowing for safer management.
  • 968
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Barrier Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) has become a clinically standard modality for the treatment of localized jawbone defects. Barrier membranes play an important role in this process by preventing soft tissue invasion outgoing from the mucosa and creating an underlying space to support bone growth. Different membrane types provide different biological mechanisms due to their different origins, preparation methods and structures. Among them, collagen membranes have attracted great interest due to their excellent biological properties and desired bone regeneration results to non-absorbable membranes even without a second surgery for removal.
  • 967
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Unilateral Condylar Hyperplasia
Unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH) is a pathology most commonly present in one side of the mandible, characterized by an abnormal condylar process of progressive overgrowth in time, causing visible changes in the anatomy, shape, and size of condylar head and neck elongation, along with visible facial asymmetry features.
  • 965
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
CAD/CAM Denture Base Materials
The data about bond strength between digitally produced denture base resins and artificial teeth are scarce. No statistical differences between heat-polymerized and CAD/CAM (milled) denture base materials when attached with different types of artificial teeth, while one study showed higher values of CAD/CAM (milled) denture base materials. Bonding agents ensure bonding strength at least similar to the conventional methods. In order to improve the quality of future studies, it would be advantageous to use a larger number of specimens with standardized dimensions and a blinded testing machine operator to decrease the risk of bias.
  • 959
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
MMPs and MMP-8 in Periodontal Diseases
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of Ca2+ and Zn2+ dependent proteolytic enzymes, able to cleave the various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), as well as a range of other regulatory molecules. It has proven the important role of both MMPs and their endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), in oral health, the initial development of the tooth, and during enamel maturation.
  • 956
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of Jaw following Ablative Surgery
The reconstruction and rehabilitation of jaws following ablative surgery have been transformed by the development of computer-assisted surgery and virtual surgical planning. With strides made in computer-assisted surgery and patient-specific implants, the individual functional reconstruction of the jaw is evolving rapidly and the prompt rehabilitation of both the masticatory function and aesthetics after jaw resection has been made possible.
  • 952
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Oral Diseases Development
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroid that plays a significant role in the whole body, including the maxillofacial region. The discovery of its receptors in many cells and organs made it possible to reveal the participation of vitamin D not only in the regulation of calcium phosphate metabolism, but also in immune processes, in providing anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, slowing down cell proliferation and stimulating differentiation. In this literature review, we demonstrate the association between low vitamin D levels and the development of recurrent aphthous stomatitis, the course and response to treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, the severity of periodontal diseases, and the processes of osseointegration and bone remodeling during dental implantation and guided tissue regeneration. 
  • 945
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Essential Oil-Based Mouthwashes
Essential oil (EO)-based mouthwashes have been used for oral health maintenance due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim was to review clinical trials that assessed the role of EO-based mouthwashes in controlling gingivitis in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment (OT).
  • 944
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients
Smell and taste dysfunction are frequently reported by SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. The degree of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction varies from a very mild reduction to their complete loss.
  • 944
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ozone Form of Application in Pediatric Dentistry
Ozone is a great oxidizing agent found in nature as a trivalent oxygen (O3). It is a colorless gas with a strong smell. It exists at the ground level as an air pollutant and a constituent of metropolitan smog, as well as in the Earth’s upper atmosphere, in the stratosphere, as a naturally defensive layer from ultraviolet rays. Ozone therapy is suggested in the management of deep dental caries, Early Childhood Caries (ECC), molar incisor hypo-mineralization (MIH), root canal therapy, remineralization, dental hygiene, and dental prophylaxis, in young children and uncooperative pediatric patient. The main forms of application are gaseous ozone, ozonated water and ozonated oil.
  • 943
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gene-Activated Materials in Regenerative Dentistry and Periodontology
Treatment of a wide variety of defects in the oral and maxillofacial regions requires the use of innovative approaches to achieve best outcomes. One of the promising directions is the use of gene-activated materials (GAMs) that represent a combination of tissue engineering and gene therapy.
  • 939
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients
The oral cavity represents a target of SARS-CoV-2, and oral lesions are observed in both non-hospitalized and hospitalized patients. Oral ulcers, cheilitis, and tongue lesions were more common in patients before hospitalization, while perioral pressure ulcers, macroglossia, blisters, and oral candidiasis were more recurrent in patients during hospitalization.  An accurate oral examination during the hospital admission of all confirmed COVID-19 cases is encouraged to recognize oral early manifestations and to apply appropriate treatments.
  • 938
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Photobiomodulation in Management of Temporomandibular Joint Pain
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain is the third most prevalent chronic pain condition worldwide after tension headache and backbone. The TMJ’s position and structure make it an intersection of information and influences that expand throughout the body. Therefore, joint injury generally affects systemic health and leads to serious symptoms and disorders known as temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Photobiomodulation (PBM) is an effective tool in alleviating TMDs’ pain and increasing the range of movement in patients with Axis 1 of TMDs. However, TMDs’ pain related to underlying pathology cannot be solely treated by PBM. The causative factors must be treated first. 
  • 937
  • 30 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Oral Candidosis
Oral candidosis is the most common fungal infection that frequently occurs in patients debilitated by other diseases or conditions. No candidosis happens without a cause; hence oral candidosis has been branded as a disease of the diseased. Prior research has identified oral candidosis as a mark of systemic diseases, such as hematinic deficiency, diabetes mellitus, leukopenia, HIV/AIDS, malignancies, and carbohydrate-rich diet, drugs, or immunosuppressive conditions. An array of interaction between Candida and the host is dynamic and complex. Candida exhibits multifaceted strategies for growth, proliferation, evasion of host defenses, and survival within the host to induce fungal infection. 
  • 935
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of Jaw (MRONJ)
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a serious adverse reaction of antiresorptive and antiangiogenic agents, and it is also a potentially painful and debilitating condition.
  • 934
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
CAD/CAM Abutments versus Stock Abutments
CAD/CAM abutments allow individualization of abutment parameters with respect to soft tissue, allow increased fracture toughness, predict the failure mode, show no change in the fracture toughness over time, reduce the prosthetic steps, and reduce the functional implant prosthesis score and pain perceived by patients in the early stages. The advantages associated with the use of stock abutments mainly concern the risk of corrosion, time spent, cost, and fit, evaluated in vitro, in the implant–abutment connection. Equal conditions are present regarding the mechanical characteristics during dynamic cycles, screw loss, radiographic fit, and degree of micromotion.
  • 929
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19's Repercussions on Oral Health
Oral manifestations related to COVID-19, including fungal infections, recurrent HSV, oral ulcerations, drug-related eruptions, dysgeusia, xerostomia or decreased salivary flow, and gingivitis, may be a result of the impaired immune system and/or susceptible oral mucosa.
  • 922
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Technologies for Dentin Caries Detection
To enable conservative caries management, it is imperative that caries are detected at a non-cavitated stage. Non-cavitated caries lesions (NCCLs) have the surface of enamel still intact but in depth they can reach the enamel or dentin level. The shortcomings of traditional visual and radiographic methods to detect NCCLs highlight the need for further investigation of alternative methods for caries detection.
  • 922
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Overview of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis
Immune-compromised diseases lead to a majority of opportunistic conditions such as oral fungal infections, also known as oral mycosis. Often, the impairment of host resistance leads to the initiation of pathogenic conditions in the oral cavity, and progression through local colonization. The use of immunosuppressive drugs and immunodeficiency upon viral infection, especially in COVID-19 patients, has led to a significant increase in the frequency of oral mycosis globally. 
  • 922
  • 27 May 2022
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