Summary

Hypertension is a major public health concern worldwide because of its rising prevalence and concomitant risks of cardiovascular diseases. Coping strategies may encompass a full spectrum of clinical, epidemiological, experimental, and technological factors to inspire front-line practices and shape critical thinking. This entry collection aims to assemble entries of wealthy topics related to clinical, therapeutic, and population sciences of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases that could inform research scientists and healthcare professionals.

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Entries
Topic Review
History of Rheumatic Fever/ Rheumatic Heart Disease Control
Rheumatic heart disease and rheumatic fever (RHD/RF) contributed to a substantial health burden upon the entire globe in the 19th and 20th centuries. As advances in public health improved throughout regions of the world now considered to be high-income countries (HICs), it was largely eradicated in these settings. Regrettably, RHD/RF remain endemic in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The historical context within which RHD/RF control was achieved in HICs may be of interest to researchers and policymakers active in the resurgent interest in RHD/RF seen in the prior two decades.
  • 793
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Cerebral Veins and Dural Sinuses Thrombosis
Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a relatively rare disorder in the general population and is frequently misdiagnosed upon initial examination. The knowledge of wide clinical aspects and imaging signs will be essential in providing a timely diagnosis. 
  • 448
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Scientific Advances in Rheumatic Fever/Rheumatic Heart Disease Control
Despite the fact that rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) have largely been eradicated from high-income countries, the disease spectrum remains endemic in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), extacting a grim health and socioeconomic impact. Over 33 million people are believed to be living with RHD worldwide, claiming nearly a third of a million lives annually. Regrettably, the neglect of RHD as a global health priority was further exacerbated by competing infectious disease outbreaks, chief among them the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Nevertheless, the prior two decades have seen a slowly resurgence of interest in RF/RHD control. Substantial recent advances in the field of RF/RHD continuum control, however, have been realized over this time period. Such primary advances include a better understanding the genetic predisposition to RHD, progress in Group A Streptococcus (GAS) vaccine development, and improved diagnostic strategies for GAS pharyngitis. Echocardiographic screening for RHD, in particular, has represented a major advance which has unearthed the prevailing high burden of RHD. Lastly, the recent demonstration of benefit of secondary antibiotic prophylaxis on halting progression of latent RHD has marked a major step forward in averting progression of end-stage valvular disease in LMIC settings.
  • 487
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Myocardial Infarction and Immuno-Inflammatory Response in CAE
Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is a relatively common coronary angiographic finding, with an incidence of 1.5–5% and geographical variations in prevalence. CAE has been associated with a male predominance. Anatomically, CAE more frequently affects the right coronary artery and the proximal one third of the vessels.
  • 470
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
A Systematic Approach to Healthcare Knowledge Management Systems
Big data in healthcare contain a huge amount of tacit knowledge that brings great value to healthcare activities such as diagnosis, decision support, and treatment. However, effectively exploring and exploiting knowledge on such big data sources exposes many challenges for both managers and technologists. A healthcare knowledge management system that ensures the systematic knowledge development process on various data in hospitals was proposed. It leverages big data technologies to capture, organize, transfer, and manage large volumes of medical knowledge, which cannot be handled with traditional data-processing technologies. In addition, machine-learning algorithms are used to derive knowledge at a higher level in supporting diagnosis and treatment.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
The Cytoskeleton of Contractile Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell
As a key element of the smooth muscle cell contractile apparatus, the actin cytoskeleton participates in the development of force by acting as a molecular track for the myosin cross bridge motor. At the same time, the actin cytoskeleton must transmit the force developed during contraction to the extracellular matrix and, thus, to neighboring cells. This propagation of force to the cell periphery and beyond is initiated in part on specifically localized cellular cortical actin filaments also involved in mechano-chemical transduction. During the contractile process itself and in response to extracellular structural and chemical alterations, the smooth muscle actin cytoskeletal remodels. This indicates that the cytoskeleton is a dynamic cellular organelle that adapts to the changes in cell shape and chemical cues.
  • 679
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
P2Y12 Inhibitor Monotherapy and Dual Antiplatelet Therapy
Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin plus a P2Y12 inhibitor is the standard treatment for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation. Although it is an effective treatment to reduce the risk of ischemic events and stent thrombosis, it increases the risk of bleeding. Newer-generations of drug-eluting stents (DES) have thinner stent struts and better design to lower the risk of stent thrombosis and have more rapid endothelialization. The role of DAPT was challenged by many clinical trials in recent years. Increasing evidence is showing P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy is a feasible alternative treatment for patients after PCI with stent implantation in the modern era, as it could lower the risk of bleeding complications and still has enough antiplatelet effect to avoid recurrent ischemic events.
  • 442
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Human Heart Organoid Development
The emergence of human-induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSCs) has dramatically improved the understanding of human developmental processes under normal and diseased conditions. The hiPSCs have been differentiated into various tissue-specific cells in vitro, and the advancement in three-dimensional (3D) culture has provided a possibility to generate those cells in an in vivo-like environment. Tissues with 3D structures can be generated using different approaches such as self-assembled organoids and tissue-engineering methods, such as bioprinting. Researchers are interested in studying the self-assembled organoids differentiated from hiPSCs, as they have the potential to recapitulate the in vivo developmental process and be used to model human development and congenital defects. Organoids of tissues such as those of the intestine and brain were developed many years ago, but heart organoids were not reported until recently.
  • 637
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Computational Simulations of Heart Valves
Computational methods are a cost-effective tool that can be used to evaluate the flow parameters of heart valves. Valve repair and replacement have long-term stability and biocompatibility issues, highlighting the need for a more robust method for resolving valvular disease. For example, while fluid–structure interaction analyses are still scarcely utilized to study aortic valves, computational fluid dynamics is used to assess the effect of different aortic valve morphologies on velocity profiles, flow patterns, helicity, wall shear stress, and oscillatory shear index in the thoracic aorta. It has been analyzed that computational flow dynamic analyses can be integrated with other methods to create a superior, more compatible method of understanding risk and compatibility.
  • 555
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Echocardiographic Markers for Arrhythmias and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
Cardiovascular diseases remain among the leading causes of death worldwide and sudden cardiac death (SCD) accounts for ~25% of these deaths. Despite its epidemiologic relevance, there are very few diagnostic strategies available useful to prevent SCD mainly focused on patients already affected by specific cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, most of these parameters exhibit poor positive predictive accuracy. Moreover, there is also a need to identify parameters to stratify the risk of SCD among otherwise healthy subjects. 
  • 402
  • 09 May 2022
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