Summary

The principal objective of wastewater treatment is generally to allow human and industrial effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the natural environment. Typical processes that are investigated and applied to wastewater treatment can be the following: biological, adsorption, flocculation, oxidation, membranes, filtration, etc. This entry collection features information about many processes of wastewater treatment and many other related issues such as reuse, cost, fluid aspects, plants, etc.

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Topic Review
Anaerobic Co-Digestion
The anaerobic mono-digestion treatment of organic waste can be challenging due to nutrient imbalances and a lack of microbial diversity. However, anaerobic co-digestion has been shown to effectively address both challenges without the need for additives.
  • 255
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents and Microalgae Growth
Municipal wastewater (MWW) provides a promising platform for microalgae cultivation due to its rich content of essential nutrients. Research has showcased the multifaceted benefits of microalgae-based wastewater treatment, from the potent depollution capabilities of these organisms to their biomass potential for ecofriendly applications. A significant advantage lies in the ability of these systems to promote environmental sustainability without producing secondary pollutants, aligning with the circular economy model. 
  • 266
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Application of Enzyme-Nanoparticle-Polymer Composites in Wastewater Treatment
Different water treatment technologies such as photochemical degradation, biodegradation, electrochemical degradation, reverse osmosis, and membrane separation have been used to get rid of water pollutants. Enzymatic treatments have received great attention due to several advantages compared to physical and chemical treatments, such as mild operating conditions and high catalytic efficiency without harsh side effects. Oxidase and peroxidase enzymes from different sources have been immobilized on metal and metal oxide-polymer composites and used in the degradation of pollutants.
  • 258
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Use of Electrocoagulation in Wastewater Treatment
Electrocoagulation (EC) is a wastewater treatment method based on chemical reactions between a coagulant formed under the influence of an electric current released from a given electrode. Electrocoagulation is a technology that properly combines electrochemistry, coagulation, and flotation (or sedimentation). This technology consists of four main stages: electrolytic reaction on the surface of the electrode, formation of metal hydroxides (coagulants), adsorption of soluble (colloidal) particles on coagulants, and removal by sedimentation or flotation. Reactions between the coagulant and pollutants lead to precipitation of sediments which are removed by sedimentation or flotation.
  • 427
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Enzyme Immobilization Techniques
Researchers have explored the technique of enzyme immobilization as a means to overcome limitations that free enzymes encounter, including reduced performance, high costs, and impracticality for large-scale applications. Enzymatic treatment offers a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional physicochemical treatment methods, such as adsorption, coagulation, and advanced oxidation processes. Free enzymes are biodegradable, highly efficient, and selective biological catalysts that can operate under mild conditions, thus reducing energy consumption and minimizing the generation of harmful byproducts.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Hydroponic Plants to Purify Wastewater
As the global population reaches eight billion, large quantities of wastewater (domestic, industrial, livestock) need to be treated in an efficient, green, and environmentally friendly manner. Wastewater hydroponics technology (HP) can efficiently remove various pollutants (conventional and emerging pollutants, heavy metals, and microorganisms) and create economic benefits. The principle of hydroponic wastewater purification is phytoremediation, which is a low-cost and solar-powered natural cleaning technology. Plants assist in the removal of pollutants in a variety of ways, including phytoextraction, phytovolatilization, phytodegradation, and rhizofiltration.
  • 731
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Dairy Wastewater Treatment by Membrane Separation Technology
Water pollution caused by population growth and human activities is a critical problem exacerbated by limited freshwater resources and increasing water demands. Various sectors contribute to water pollution, with the dairy industry being a significant contributor due to the high concentrations of harmful contaminants in dairy wastewater. Traditional treatment methods have been employed, but they have limitations in terms of effectiveness, cost, and environmental impact. Membrane separation technology (MST) has emerged as a promising alternative for treating dairy wastewater. Membrane processes offer efficient separation, concentration, and purification of dairy wastewater, with benefits such as reduced process steps, minimal impact on product quality, operational flexibility, and lower energy consumption. However, membrane fouling and concentration polarization present major challenges associated with this technique. Therefore, strategies have been implemented to mitigate these phenomena, including pre-treatment prior to MST, coagulation, and adsorption. 3D printing technology has gained prominence as one of the latest and most notable advancements for addressing these issues.
  • 393
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Halloysite-TiO2 Nanocomposites for Water Treatment
Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are clay minerals with a tubular structure that can be used for many different applications in place of carbon nanotubes. Indeed, HNTs display low/non-toxicity, are biocompatible, and can be easily prepared. Moreover, the aluminum and silica groups present on HNTs’ inner and outer surfaces facilitate the interaction with various functional agents, such as alkalis, organosilanes, polymers, surfactants, and nanomaterials.
  • 362
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Duckweeds for Remediating Water Contaminated with Heavy Metals
Tiny aquatic plants from the Lemnaceae family, commonly known as duckweeds, are often regarded as detrimental to the environment because of their ability to quickly populate and cover the surfaces of bodies of water. The global distribution of duckweeds and their tolerance of ammonia, heavy metals, other pollutants, and stresses are the major factors highlighting their potential for use in purifying agricultural, municipal, and some industrial wastewater. In summary, duckweeds are a powerful tool for bioremediation that can reduce anthropogenic pollution in aquatic ecosystems and prevent water eutrophication in a simple, inexpensive ecologically friendly way.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Duckweeds for Remediating Water Contaminated with Organic Compounds
Tiny aquatic plants from the Lemnaceae family, commonly known as duckweeds, are often regarded as detrimental to the environment because of their ability to quickly populate and cover the surfaces of bodies of water. Due to their rapid vegetative propagation, duckweeds have one of the fastest growth rates among flowering plants and can accumulate large amounts of biomass in relatively short time periods. Due to the high yield of valuable biomass and ease of harvest, duckweeds can be used as feedstock for biofuels, animal feed, and other applications. Thanks to their efficient absorption of nitrogen- and phosphate-containing pollutants, duckweeds play an important role in the restorative ecology of water reservoirs. The global distribution of duckweeds and their tolerance of ammonia, heavy metals, other pollutants, and stresses are the major factors highlighting their potential for use in purifying agricultural, municipal, and some industrial wastewater. In summary, duckweeds are a powerful tool for bioremediation that can reduce anthropogenic pollution in aquatic ecosystems and prevent water eutrophication in a simple, inexpensive ecologically friendly way.
  • 454
  • 06 May 2023
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