Summary

The principal objective of wastewater treatment is generally to allow human and industrial effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the natural environment. Typical processes that are investigated and applied to wastewater treatment can be the following: biological, adsorption, flocculation, oxidation, membranes, filtration, etc. This entry collection features information about many processes of wastewater treatment and many other related issues such as reuse, cost, fluid aspects, plants, etc.

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Topic Review
Applications of Biodegradable Poly Blends/Composites
Biodegradable poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) and its composites or blends have received a lot of attention in the past because of their potential applications in human life and environmental remediation. Greater efforts have been made to develop biodegradable chemical materials as adsorbents that do not pollute the environment in order to replace traditional materials. 
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pilot and Full-Scale Applications of P Recovery
Elevated phosphorus (P) levels in water sources can result in eutrophication, which in turn causes environmental pollution and adversely affects aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, there is a risk of P depletion due to intensive exploitation and utilization. Therefore, the sustainable and efficient use of P, waste reduction, and P recovery from waste sources have become urgent priorities.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater
The treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater (PRWW) is of great interest in industrial wastewater management. This wastewater contains a diverse concentration of contaminants such as oil and grease, petroleum hydrocarbons, phenols, ammonia, and sulfides, as well as other organic and inorganic composites. Refinery wastewater treatment has been attempted through various processes, including physical, biological, chemical, and hybrid methods, which combine two or more techniques. 
  • 3.6K
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Anaerobic Co-Digestion
The anaerobic mono-digestion treatment of organic waste can be challenging due to nutrient imbalances and a lack of microbial diversity. However, anaerobic co-digestion has been shown to effectively address both challenges without the need for additives.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents and Microalgae Growth
Municipal wastewater (MWW) provides a promising platform for microalgae cultivation due to its rich content of essential nutrients. Research has showcased the multifaceted benefits of microalgae-based wastewater treatment, from the potent depollution capabilities of these organisms to their biomass potential for ecofriendly applications. A significant advantage lies in the ability of these systems to promote environmental sustainability without producing secondary pollutants, aligning with the circular economy model. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Application of Enzyme-Nanoparticle-Polymer Composites in Wastewater Treatment
Different water treatment technologies such as photochemical degradation, biodegradation, electrochemical degradation, reverse osmosis, and membrane separation have been used to get rid of water pollutants. Enzymatic treatments have received great attention due to several advantages compared to physical and chemical treatments, such as mild operating conditions and high catalytic efficiency without harsh side effects. Oxidase and peroxidase enzymes from different sources have been immobilized on metal and metal oxide-polymer composites and used in the degradation of pollutants.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Use of Electrocoagulation in Wastewater Treatment
Electrocoagulation (EC) is a wastewater treatment method based on chemical reactions between a coagulant formed under the influence of an electric current released from a given electrode. Electrocoagulation is a technology that properly combines electrochemistry, coagulation, and flotation (or sedimentation). This technology consists of four main stages: electrolytic reaction on the surface of the electrode, formation of metal hydroxides (coagulants), adsorption of soluble (colloidal) particles on coagulants, and removal by sedimentation or flotation. Reactions between the coagulant and pollutants lead to precipitation of sediments which are removed by sedimentation or flotation.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Enzyme Immobilization Techniques
Researchers have explored the technique of enzyme immobilization as a means to overcome limitations that free enzymes encounter, including reduced performance, high costs, and impracticality for large-scale applications. Enzymatic treatment offers a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional physicochemical treatment methods, such as adsorption, coagulation, and advanced oxidation processes. Free enzymes are biodegradable, highly efficient, and selective biological catalysts that can operate under mild conditions, thus reducing energy consumption and minimizing the generation of harmful byproducts.
  • 3.2K
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Hydroponic Plants to Purify Wastewater
As the global population reaches eight billion, large quantities of wastewater (domestic, industrial, livestock) need to be treated in an efficient, green, and environmentally friendly manner. Wastewater hydroponics technology (HP) can efficiently remove various pollutants (conventional and emerging pollutants, heavy metals, and microorganisms) and create economic benefits. The principle of hydroponic wastewater purification is phytoremediation, which is a low-cost and solar-powered natural cleaning technology. Plants assist in the removal of pollutants in a variety of ways, including phytoextraction, phytovolatilization, phytodegradation, and rhizofiltration.
  • 2.4K
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Dairy Wastewater Treatment by Membrane Separation Technology
Water pollution caused by population growth and human activities is a critical problem exacerbated by limited freshwater resources and increasing water demands. Various sectors contribute to water pollution, with the dairy industry being a significant contributor due to the high concentrations of harmful contaminants in dairy wastewater. Traditional treatment methods have been employed, but they have limitations in terms of effectiveness, cost, and environmental impact. Membrane separation technology (MST) has emerged as a promising alternative for treating dairy wastewater. Membrane processes offer efficient separation, concentration, and purification of dairy wastewater, with benefits such as reduced process steps, minimal impact on product quality, operational flexibility, and lower energy consumption. However, membrane fouling and concentration polarization present major challenges associated with this technique. Therefore, strategies have been implemented to mitigate these phenomena, including pre-treatment prior to MST, coagulation, and adsorption. 3D printing technology has gained prominence as one of the latest and most notable advancements for addressing these issues.
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Aug 2023
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