Summary

Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment. Today, it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems. Environmental studies are incorporating more of the social sciences in order to understand human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. This entry collection features information about design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect.

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Entries
Topic Review
Molecular Regulation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
The cooperative and mutualistic interaction between plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from the phylum Glomeromycota is tightly regulated by both partners at the cellular, molecular and genetic levels, and it is highly dependent on environmental and biological variables.
  • 697
  • 05 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Plant Performance and Interaction with Microorganisms
Plant performance can be improved under adverse environmental conditions by integrated soil–water–plant solutions or integrated soil fertility and plant nutrient management. Microorganisms living in the soil, the rhizobiome, are distinguished from endophytes living inside plants.
  • 754
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Impact of Producer Services on Air Quality
Industrial agglomeration is a major source of regional economic development and the main pattern enterprises employ after having developed to a certain stage. Industrial agglomeration also affects the emissions of air pollutants in production. The agglomeration of manufacturing increases the emission of PM2.5 in the air, while the agglomeration of producer services and the co-agglomeration of manufacturing and producer services reduce it. Moran correlation index test showed that SO2 and NOx had no significant spatial correlation. The agglomeration of manufacturing, the agglomeration of producer services, and co-agglomeration exert the most significant effects on PM2.5 in the air in central and western China. This is probably because of the availability of basic natural resources in these areas. The energy consumption structure mediates the effect of the agglomeration of manufacturing on PM2.5, and human capital mediates the effect of the agglomeration of producer services on PM2.5 emissions. Based on the results, policy suggestions to improve the atmospheric environment during the process of industrial agglomeration are proposed.
  • 374
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Forest Vulnerability to Climate Change
Climate change has caused vulnerability not only to the forest ecosystem but also to forest-dependent communities. Therefore, its management is essential to increase forest ecosystem services and reduce vulnerability to climate change using an integrated approach.
  • 927
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Development Trends of Improving Sustainability of Agricultural Crops
Given the challenges in reducing greenhouse gases (GHG), one of the sectors that have attracted the most attention in the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 (SDA-2030) is the agricultural sector. Researchers have used different technologies to achieve crops’ financial and environmental sustainability, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to capture multi-spectral aerial images (MAIs) to assess fields’ plant vigour and detect phytosanitary events early using vegetation indices (VIs). 
  • 385
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Gene–Environment Correlation for Schizophrenia and Major Depression
Both genetic and environmental risk factors are involved in the aetiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Importantly, environmental and genetic risk factors are often related as evidenced in gene–environment correlation (rGE), which describes the observation that genetic and environmental factors are associated with each other.
  • 397
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Optimal Decisions for Deploying Renewable Energy at B&Bs
The adoption of renewable energy (RE) is a promising business strategy for bed and breakfasts (B&Bs) to mitigate climate change while maintaining a competitive edge. Bed and breakfast (B&B) has experienced rapid growth through sharing-economy platforms. The shift to RE has the potential to maintain the B&B’s competitive advantage by offering new service innovations continuously.
  • 330
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Link of Environmental, Social, Governance and Firm Performance
ESG performance has a positive relationship with profit in large firms but not in SME firms. Large firms are motivated by stakeholder and other needs, while SME firms do not have the same priorities. Similarly, small and nascent firms may not have the resources of large firms, suggesting that competitive factors related to downstream networking will markedly differ for both groups of firms.
  • 507
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Energy Crops
Energy crops are dedicated cultures directed for biofuels, electricity, and heat production. Due to their tolerance to contaminated lands, they can alleviate and remediate land pollution by the disposal of toxic elements and polymetallic agents. Moreover, these crops are suitable to be exploited in marginal soils (e.g., saline), and, therefore, the risk of land-use conflicts due to competition for food, feed, and fuel is reduced, contributing positively to economic growth, and bringing additional revenue to landowners.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Water Quality Monitoring System Using LoRaWAN
For effective process monitoring and enhanced control in wide areas, reliable and accurate real-time measuring is essential. LoRa, a low-power, wide-area network modulation technology (LPWAN), refers to long-range data communications. LoRa allows for long-range communications of up to three miles or five kilometers in urban areas and up to ten miles or 15 km in rural areas. The ultra-low power requirements of LoRa-based systems are a crucial feature, allowing for the design of battery-operated devices that can last up to 10 years. A star network based on the open LoRaWAN protocol is suitable for an implementation scheme that needs long-range or deep in-building communication.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Jun 2022
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