Summary

Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment. Today, it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems. Environmental studies are incorporating more of the social sciences in order to understand human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. This entry collection features information about design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect.

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Entries
Topic Review
Policy Evolution of Chinese New Energy Vehicle Industry
The Chinese new energy vehicle industry policy is divided into three development periods: 2004–2008—promotion policy and technological policy; 2009–2013—financial policy; and 2014–2020—charging infrastructure policy. 
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
CAR Therapy
Among the many oncology therapies, few have generated as much excitement as CAR-T. The success of CAR therapy would not have been possible without the many discoveries that preceded it, most notably, the Nobel Prize-winning breakthroughs in cellular immunity. However, despite the fact that CAR-T already offers not only hope for development, but measurable results in the treatment of hematological malignancies, CAR-T still cannot be safely applied to solid tumors. The reason for this is, among other things, the lack of tumor-specific antigens which, in therapy, threatens to cause a lethal attack of lymphocytes on healthy cells. In the case of hematological malignancies, dangerous complications such as cytokine release syndrome may occur. Scientists have responded to these clinical challenges with molecular switches.
  • 448
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Sludge Co-Pyrolysis Technology
Pyrolysis, one of the main technologies for sludge treatment, has the advantages of thorough treatment, volume minimization, and the recovery of high-value products. However, sludge pyrolysis is often associated with problems such as high volatility and low ash content, as well as poor application performance of pyrolysis residues. Co-pyrolysis technology has reduced pyrolysis energy consumption and improved the range and quality of pyrolysis product applications.
  • 450
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Satellites Spectral Information and Soil Organic Carbon
There is a need to update soil maps and monitor soil organic carbon (SOC) in the upper horizons or plough layer for enabling decision support and land management, while complying with several policies, especially those favoring soil carbon storage. A number of satellite-based spectral approaches for SOC assessment have been achieved from several satellite sensors, study scales and geographical contexts in the past decade.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Rainfall Measurement by Commercial Microwave Links
As one of the most critical elements in the hydrological cycle, real-time and accurate rainfall measurement is of great significance to flood and drought disaster risk assessment and early warning. Using commercial microwave links (CMLs) to conduct rainfall measure is a promising solution due to the advantages of high spatial resolution, low implementation cost, near-surface measurement, and so on.
  • 781
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Preparing Public Opinion to Accept Distributed Energy Systems
Global energy consumption has reached unprecedented levels over the last century due to population growth and economic growth. There have been significant changes in the global energy economy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants. Due to this trend, many countries around the world are promoting electric technologies as fuel-saving alternatives. Israelis know too little about smart meters, energy storage systems, and other modern power grid technology, which enables a decentralized approach to energy management referred to as distributed energy systems (DES). Using distributed energy systems to generate energy on-site and manage loads can reduce costs, improve reliability, and secure revenue. An effective public education program can help prepare public opinion and reduce barriers to smart use and energy efficiency in the home. 
  • 372
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Salicylic Acid Combats Abiotic Stresses in Plants
Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone that has been implicated in processes not limited to plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stress. the various roles and functions of SA in mitigating abiotic stresses to plants, including heating, chilling, salinity, metal toxicity, drought, ultraviolet radiation, etc were summarized. Consistent with its critical roles in plant abiotic tolerance, the gaps in the literature with regard to the complex signalling network between SA and reactive oxygen species, ABA, Ca2+, and nitric oxide were identified. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying signalling networks that control development and stress responses in plants, and underscore prospects for future research on SA concerning abiotic-stressed plants were also discussed.
  • 691
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Biogas Potential from Slums in São Paulo
Slums are populated poor areas inside urban centers, mostly deprived of good-quality public services and exposed to inappropriate waste disposal and energy poverty. Using the organic fraction waste from these communities to generate high value-added products, including electricity, heat, and fertilizer, provides a circular bioeconomy with mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, reducing environmental pollution and diseases. 
  • 409
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Particulate and Floating Pollutants in the Oceans
The Earth’s oceans are the final resting place of anthropogenic residues, mainly plastics, metals, rubber, and fabrics, in order of decreasing abundance. After degradation resulted by UV rays atack, mechanical and chemical degradation, they tend to decant and deposit over the ocean floor. Most of these finaly assume fragmented or particulate forms, becoming colonized by marine microorganisms and later interacting with macroorganisms, leading to potential problems with marine life and the ecosystem. Rapid biodegradation of the polluting materials is still not possible, as a result of site contaminants atraction and accumulation and harmful by-products release.
  • 460
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Application of MCDA to Rural Spatial Sustainability Evaluation
The rational allocation of spatial resources is an important factor to ensure the sustainable development of rural areas, and effective pre-emptive spatial evaluation is the prerequisite for identifying the predicament of rural resource allocation. Multi-criteria decision-making analysis has advantages in solving multi-attribute and multi-objective decision-making problems, and has been used in sustainability evaluation research in various disciplines in recent years. 
  • 537
  • 05 Jul 2022
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