Summary

Neurodegeneration refers to the progressive loss of neuron structure or function, which may eventually lead to cell death. Many neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and prion disease, are the results of neurodegenerative processes. Neurodegeneration can be found in many different levels of neuronal circuits in the brain, from molecules to systems. Since there is no known method to reverse the progressive degeneration of neurons, these diseases are considered incurable. Biomedical research has revealed many similarities between these diseases at the subcellular level, including atypical protein assembly (such as protein diseases) and induction of cell death. These similarities indicate that progress in the treatment of one neurodegenerative disease may also improve other diseases. This collection of entries aims to collect various medical research results related to neurodegeneration. We invite researchers to share their new results and ideas related to neurodegeneration.

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Entries
Topic Review
Kynurenines in Major Neurocognitive Disorders
Worldwide, 50 million people suffer from dementia, a group of symptoms affecting cognitive and social functions, progressing severely enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for most of the dementia cases. Pathological and clinical findings have led to proposing several hypotheses of AD pathogenesis, finding a presence of positive feedback loops and additionally observing the disturbance of a branch of tryptophan metabolism, the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. Either causative or resultant of dementia, elevated levels of neurotoxic KYN metabolites are observed, potentially upregulating multiple feedback loops of AD pathogenesis. Memantine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamatergic receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, which belongs to one of only two classes of medications approved for clinical use, but other NMDAR modulators have been explored so far in vain. An endogenous KYN pathway metabolite, kynurenic acid (KYNA), likewise inhibits the excitotoxic NMDAR. Besides its anti-excitotoxicity, KYNA is a multitarget compound that triggers anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Modifying the KYNA level is a potential multitarget strategy to normalize the disturbed KYN pathway and thus to alleviate juxtaposing AD pathogeneses.
  • 554
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Insights into Postoperative Cognitive Impairment Induced by Anesthesia
Cognitive impairment after surgery is a common problem, affects mainly the elderly, and can be divided into postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Both phenomena are accompanied by neuroinflammation; however, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment after anesthesia are not yet fully understood. Anesthesiological drugs can have a longer-term influence on protein transcription, thus, epigenetics is a possible mechanism that impacts on cognitive function. Epigenetic mechanisms may be responsible for long-lasting effects and may implicate novel therapeutic approaches.
  • 533
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers for Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) into Lewy bodies and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The urge for an early diagnosis biomarker comes from the fact that clinical manifestations of PD are estimated to appear once the substantia nigra has deteriorated and there has been a reduction of the dopamine levels from the striatum. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of neuro-degenerative diseases as PD. 
  • 433
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Deep Learning Techniques for Prediction of Alzheimer’s Disease
Deep learning (DL) has become a prominent issue in the machine learning (ML)  domain in the past few years. ML can be utilized to tackle issues in different sectors. Neuroscience is included in this list. It is well known that detecting malignancies and functioning regions in cognitive systems has been a huge challenge for scientists over the years. The standard approach of detecting the variation in blood oxygen levels can be applied for this purpose. However, completing all the processes can take too long on certain occasions. One benefit of DL approaches over typical ML methods is that the reliability of DL techniques grows with the phases of learning. The efficiency of DL methods tends to rise greatly as more information is provided to them, and they outperform conventional techniques. This is similar to the human brain, which learns more as new information becomes available on a daily basis.
  • 586
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Approaches of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an extremely heterogeneous disease of motor neurons that eventually leads to death. Despite impressive advances in understanding the genetic, molecular, and pathological mechanisms of the disease, the only drug approved to date by both the FDA and EMA is riluzole, with a modest effect on survival. 
  • 386
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Chloride Intracellular Channel Proteins and Malignant Tumor Progression
Chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLICs are the dimorphic protein present in both soluble and membrane fractions. As an integral membrane protein, CLICs potentially possess ion channel activity. In vertebrates, CLICs are classified into six classes: CLIC1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. CLIC2 is expressed at higher levels in benign tumors than in malignant ones, most likely preventing tumor cell invasion into surrounding tissues. CLIC2 is also expressed in the vascular endothelial cells of normal tissues and maintains their intercellular adhesive junctions, presumably suppressing the hematogenous metastasis of malignant tumor cells. 
  • 580
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Neurodegeneration by the Italian Proteomics Community
The growing number of patients affected by neurodegenerative disorders represents a huge problem for healthcare systems, human society, and economics. In this context, omics strategies are crucial for the identification of molecular factors involved in disease pathobiology, and for the discovery of biomarkers that allow early diagnosis, patients’ stratification, and treatment response prediction. The integration of different omics data is a required step towards the goal of personalized medicine. The Italian proteomics community is actively developing and applying proteomics approaches to the study of neurodegenerative disorders; moreover, it is leading the mitochondria-focused initiative of the Human Proteome Project, which is particularly important given the central role of mitochondrial impairment in neurodegeneration. 
  • 459
  • 04 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Multidimensional Roles of GRK5 in Molecular Aging
Considerable evidence now suggests that GRK5 can act as a molecular 'bridging' factor, allowing signaling regulation in pathophysiological settings that can control the connectivity between both the cardiovascular and neurophysiological complications of aging. 
  • 716
  • 23 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 in Retinal Degenerative Diseases
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a key regulator of many cellular signaling processes and performs a wide range of biological functions in the nervous system. Due to its central role in numerous cellular processes involved in cell degeneration, a rising number of studies have highlighted the interest in developing therapeutics targeting GSK3 to treat neurodegenerative diseases. GSK3 is a key player in retinal neuronal death in various retinal diseases. 
  • 390
  • 08 Oct 2022
Biography
Gjumrakch Aliev
Professor Aliev had many projects underway that he looked forward to completing to better serve the world and all of its people. The scientific community has lost a bright, multidisciplinary scientist who could connect people with similar research interests across borders and continents. Gjumrakch (Figure 1) was the internationally recognized founder of Gally International Research Institute (h
  • 557
  • 08 Oct 2022
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