Summary

Gastrointestinal disease is a very common and frequently occurring disease, with a wide range of types and a total incidence of about 20% of the population. The cause of gastrointestinal disease is the imbalance between the protective mechanism and the injury mechanism of the human body. While traditional medicine kills harmful bacteria in the stomach, it also kills the beneficial bacteria necessary for the stomach. Although the symptoms are alleviated and inflammation is eliminated, the reduction of beneficial bacteria reduces the gastrointestinal immunity. Once the drug is stopped, it is easy to re-infect. There are many reasons for stomach problems, including genetics, environment, diet, drugs, bacterial infections, etc., as well as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. This collection of entries aims to collect various items related to the topic of gastrointestinal diseases, such as clinical care, case cases, disease research, etc., to help people increase their knowledge and understanding of this common disease

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Entries
Topic Review
Ion Channels Involved in Oxidative Stress-Related Gastrointestinal Diseases
Ion channels (ICs) are integral membrane proteins that play a crucial role in regulating the ions’ flow across cell membranes. They are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and are involved in various physiological processes. The pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, including gastritis, ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and cancer, can be linked to oxidative stress. It is known that reactive species carry out a crucial role in the genesis and progression of these pathologies; however, the contribution of ionic channels in their development is still under discussion. The function of ion channels in the gastrointestinal tract influences a variety of cellular processes.
  • 326
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Rectal Cancer
Rectal cancer poses a substantial healthcare challenge, emphasizing the critical need for effective treatment strategies. Among the various approaches available, surgical intervention, notably total mesorectal excision (TME), stands as the gold standard for rectal cancer management, consistently delivering exceptional oncological results. In certain instances of early-stage disease, endoscopic treatments and transanal resection techniques may be viable options, offering a more conservative approach. Additionally, for cases characterized by locally advanced tumors, radiotherapy has demonstrated significant benefits in augmenting the overall treatment efficacy.
  • 379
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Lynch Syndrome (LS)
Lynch syndrome (LS), also known as Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC), is an autosomal dominant cancer syndrome which causes about 2–3% of cases of colorectal carcinoma. The development of LS is due to the genetic and epigenetic inactivation of genes involved in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system, causing an epiphenomenon known as microsatellite instability (MSI). 
  • 480
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
Globally, gastrointestinal (GI) tract diseases are on the rise. If left untreated, people may die from these diseases. Early discovery and categorization of these diseases can reduce the severity of the disease and save lives. Automated procedures are necessary, since manual detection and categorization are laborious, time-consuming, and prone to mistakes.
  • 415
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Iron Overload and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies in both transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) and non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT). The mechanisms of iron-overloading-associated HCC development include the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation cytokines, dysregulated hepcidin, and ferroportin metabolism.
  • 503
  • 15 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia-like Regenerative Nodules
Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare clinical entity characterized by hepatic venous outflow obstruction, resulting in liver congestion and subsequent chronic parenchymal damage. This condition often leads to the development of focal liver lesions, including benign focal nodular hyperplasia-like regenerative nodules, hepatocellular carcinoma, and perfusion-related pseudo-lesions. Computed tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance are the commonly employed imaging modalities for the follow-up of BCS patients and for the detection and characterization of new-onset lesions. The accurate differentiation between benign and malignant nodules is crucial for optimal patient management and treatment planning. 
  • 637
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Etiological Factors of Acute on Chronic Liver Failure
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome characterized by acute and severe decompensation of chronic liver disease (CLD) correlated with multiple organ failure, poor prognosis, and increased mortality. In 40–50% of ACLF cases, the trigger is not recognized; for many of these patients, bacterial translocation associated with systemic inflammation is thought to be the determining factor; in the other 50% of patients, sepsis, alcohol consumption, and reactivation of chronic viral hepatitis are the most frequently described trigger factors. Other conditions considered precipitating factors are less common, including acute alcoholic hepatitis, major surgery, TIPS insertion, or inadequate paracentesis without albumin substitution.
  • 390
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
There are several risk factors of HCC such as viral hepatitis (B, C), cirrhosis, tobacco and alcohol use, aflatoxin-contaminated food, pesticides, diabetes, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and metabolic and genetic diseases. Diagnosis of HCC is based on different methods such as imaging ultrasonography (US), multiphasic enhanced computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and several diagnostic biomarkers.
  • 418
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Intestinal Mucosa-Associated Immune System—GALT
The intestinal mucosa is not only the primary site of nutrient digestion and absorption, but also the innate defence barrier against most intestinal pathogens. The intestinal barrier is in turn composed of a mechanical barrier, a biological barrier, a chemical barrier, and an immunological barrier.
  • 480
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Microscopic Colitis
Microscopic colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease and is classified as either collagenous colitis or lymphocytic colitis. The typical presentation is chronic watery diarrhea.
  • 529
  • 01 Aug 2023
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