Summary

Gastrointestinal disease is a very common and frequently occurring disease, with a wide range of types and a total incidence of about 20% of the population. The cause of gastrointestinal disease is the imbalance between the protective mechanism and the injury mechanism of the human body. While traditional medicine kills harmful bacteria in the stomach, it also kills the beneficial bacteria necessary for the stomach. Although the symptoms are alleviated and inflammation is eliminated, the reduction of beneficial bacteria reduces the gastrointestinal immunity. Once the drug is stopped, it is easy to re-infect. There are many reasons for stomach problems, including genetics, environment, diet, drugs, bacterial infections, etc., as well as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. This collection of entries aims to collect various items related to the topic of gastrointestinal diseases, such as clinical care, case cases, disease research, etc., to help people increase their knowledge and understanding of this common disease

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Entries
Topic Review
Intestinal Mucosa-Associated Immune System—GALT
The intestinal mucosa is not only the primary site of nutrient digestion and absorption, but also the innate defence barrier against most intestinal pathogens. The intestinal barrier is in turn composed of a mechanical barrier, a biological barrier, a chemical barrier, and an immunological barrier.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Microscopic Colitis
Microscopic colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease and is classified as either collagenous colitis or lymphocytic colitis. The typical presentation is chronic watery diarrhea.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Endoscopic Stenting for Malignant Dysphagia with Esophageal Cancer
Malignant dysphagia is a common problem in patients with esophageal cancer. Endoscopic stenting can resolve dysphagia caused by malignant stricture; however, controversy exists regarding the use of esophageal stenting for the treatment of malignant stricture, including whether stenting or radiotherapy is superior, whether stenting before or after radiotherapy is safe, whether stenting before or after chemotherapy is safe, and whether low-radial-force stents are safer than conventional stents. 
  • 916
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Celiac disease (CeD) is associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and both have the same genetic background. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), an autoimmune disease, is caused by insulin deficiency due to destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Role of Melatonin in the Pathogenesis of NAFLD
Endogenous melatonin, an indoleamine hormone synthesized by the pineal gland mainly at night, is a powerful chronobiotic that probably regulates metabolic processes and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and genomic effects. Extrapineal melatonin has been found in various tissues and organs, including the liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract, where it likely maintains cellular homeostasis. Melatonin exerts its effects on NAFLD at the cellular, subcellular, and molecular levels, affecting numerous signaling pathways.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Diseases
Functional gastrointestinal diseases (FGIDs) are characterized by recurring gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain, vomiting or constipation, that can ultimately cause non-optimal development, disrupt digestion or create lifelong or mortal complications. Scientific evidence suggests that both gastrointestinal diseases (GIDs) and FGIDs are related to gut microbial dysbiosis, gastrointestinal motility disturbance, visceral hypersensitivity, as well as impairment of mucosal immune function and central nervous system processing. Based on this, the use of probiotic bacteria, mainly those strains belonging to Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and probiotic yeast such as Saccharomyces, have emerged as potential therapeutic agents in GIDs.
  • 918
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Medicinal Plants Targrting NLRP3 Inflammasome in IBD
The Nod-like Receptor (NLR) Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a key regulator found in immunological and epithelial cells, is crucial in inducing inflammatory diseases, promoting immune responses to the gut microbiota, and regulating the integrity of the intestinal epithelium. Its downstream effectors include caspase-1 and interleukin (IL)-1β.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Colonic Mucosal TNF-α Levels in Diverticular Disease
Diverticular disease (DD) is the most frequent condition in the Western world that affects the colon. Although chronic mild inflammatory processes have recently been proposed as a central factor in DD, limited information is currently available regarding the role of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). 
  • 969
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Interleukin-33 in Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers
Accumulating evidence suggests that Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 family, has crucial roles in tissue homeostasis and repair, type 2 immunity, inflammation, and viral infection. IL-33 is a novel contributing factor in tumorigenesis and plays a critical role in regulating angiogenesis and cancer progression in a variety of human cancers. The partially unraveled role of IL-33/ST2 signaling in gastrointestinal tract cancers is being investigated through the analysis of patients’ samples and by studies in murine and rat models. 
  • 808
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Probiotics Influence the Gut–Brain Link
The effect of the intestinal microbiome on the gut–brain axis has received considerable attention, strengthening the evidence that intestinal bacteria influence emotions and behavior. The colonic microbiome is important to health and the pattern of composition and concentration varies extensively in complexity from birth to adulthood. That is, host genetics and environmental factors are complicit in shaping the development of the intestinal microbiome to achieve immunological tolerance and metabolic homeostasis from birth. Given that the intestinal microbiome perseveres to maintain gut homeostasis throughout the life cycle, epigenetic actions may determine the effect on the gut–brain axis and the beneficial outcomes on mood.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Jun 2023
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