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Topic Review
3-methylglutaconyl-CoA Hydratase Deficiency
3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase deficiency is an inherited condition that causes neurological problems. Beginning in infancy to early childhood, children with this condition often have delayed development of mental and motor skills (psychomotor delay), speech delay, involuntary muscle cramping (dystonia), and spasms and weakness of the arms and legs (spastic quadriparesis). Affected individuals can also have optic atrophy, which is the degeneration (atrophy) of nerve cells that carry visual information from the eyes to the brain.
  • 435
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
3-Phenylcoumarins as a Privileged Scaffold in Medicinal Chemistry
3-Phenylcoumarins are a family of heterocyclic molecules that are widely used in both organic and medicinal chemistry. 3-Phenylcoumarins have been used by several research groups in the search for new chemical entities with potential in the discovery of new therapeutic solutions for several diseases. The versatility and chemical properties of this scaffold have been attracting the attention of researchers all over the world.
  • 765
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
3,7-Dioleylquercetin
Quercetin is a well-known plant flavonol and antioxidant; however, there has been some debate regarding the efficacy and safety of native quercetin as a skin-whitening agent via tyrosinase inhibition. Several researchers have synthesized quercetin derivatives as low-toxicity antioxidants and whitening agents. However, no suitable quercetin derivatives have been reported to date. In this study, a novel quercetin derivative was synthesized by the SN2 reaction using quercetin and oleyl bromide. The relationship between the structures and activities of quercetin derivatives as anti-melanogenic agents was assessed using in vitro enzyme kinetics, molecular docking, and quenching studies; cell line experiments; and in vivo zebrafish model studies. Novel 3,7-dioleylquercetin (OQ) exhibited a low cytotoxic concentration level at >100 µg/mL (125 µM), which is five times less toxic than native quercetin.
  • 475
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
3′UTR Length Dynamics: Releasing mRNAs from Stability Control
The 3′Untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of mRNAs, are non-coding regulatory platforms that control stability, fate and the correct spatiotemporal translation of mRNAs. Although initially considered as stabilizing features of the ORF, further work identified a number of new 3’UTR functions that controlled where, when and how mRNAs were translated. Furthermore, recent research has enriched the view of 3’UTRs from static regulators of mRNA translation to highly dynamic and modular regulatory platforms that respond to different stimuli by changing their structure. By using alternative polyadenylation and cleavage sites, alternative exons or by including exonized Alu cassettes, 3’UTRs modify their length, change their sequence and consequently their inventory of associated regulatory sites to establish different co-regulatory events.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
30-Year Development of Inactivated Virus Vaccine in China
Inactivated vaccines are vaccines made from inactivated pathogens, typically achieved by using chemical or physical methods to destroy the virus’s ability to replicate. This type of vaccine can induce the immune system to produce an immune response against specific pathogens, thus protecting the body from infection.
  • 336
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
35 Mm Film
35 mm film (millimeter) is the film gauge most commonly used for motion pictures and chemical still photography (see 135 film). The name of the gauge refers to the width of the photographic film, which consists of strips 34.98 ±0.03 mm (1.377 ±0.001 inches) wide. The standard negative pulldown for movies ("single-frame" format) is four perforations per frame along both edges, which results in 16 frames per foot of film. For still photography, the standard frame has eight perforations on each side. A variety of largely proprietary gauges were devised for the numerous camera and projection systems being developed independently in the late 19th century and early 20th century, ranging from 13 to 75 mm (0.51 to 2.95 in), as well as a variety of film feeding systems. This resulted in cameras, projectors, and other equipment having to be calibrated to each gauge. The 35 mm width, originally specified as ​1 3⁄8 inches, was introduced in 1892 by William Dickson and Thomas Edison, using 120 film stock supplied by George Eastman. Film 35 mm wide with four perforations per frame became accepted as the international standard gauge in 1909, and remained by far the dominant film gauge for image origination and projection until the advent of digital photography and cinematography, despite challenges from smaller and larger gauges, because its size allowed for a relatively good trade-off between the cost of the film stock and the quality of the images captured. The gauge has been versatile in application. It has been modified to include sound, redesigned to create a safer film base, formulated to capture color, has accommodated a bevy of widescreen formats, and has incorporated digital sound data into nearly all of its non-frame areas. Eastman Kodak, Fujifilm and Agfa-Gevaert are some companies that offered 35 mm films. Today Kodak is the last remaining manufacturer of motion picture film. The ubiquity of 35 mm movie projectors in commercial movie theaters made 35 mm the only motion picture format that could be played in almost any cinema in the world, until digital projection largely superseded it in the 21st century. It is difficult to compare the quality of film to digital media, but a good estimate would be about 33.6 megapixels (67.2 megapixels DSLR Bayer equivalent) would equal one 35-millimeter high quality color frame of film.
  • 2.5K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
360-Degree Video Bandwidth Reduction Techniques
The usage of 360-degree videos has prevailed in various sectors such as education, real estate, medical, entertainment and more. However, various challenges are faced to provide real-time streaming due to the nature of high-resolution 360-degree videos such as high bandwidth requirement, high computing power and low delay tolerance. To overcome these challenges, streaming methods such as dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH), tiling, viewport-adaptive and machine learning (ML) are discussed.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
360-Panoramas for Historic Buildings
360-degree panorama tours such as Google Street View enable the virtual exploration of heritage sites and historic buildings. They demonstrate limited interaction and immersion across a range of platforms and devices, without the requirement of expensive virtual reality headsets, but typically do not integrate other media to leverage spatially richer ways to communicate the historical developments of architectural interiors and exteriors.
  • 889
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
3C Protease as Ferroptosis Inducer
Regulated cell death (RCD) is a fundamental process common to nearly all living beings and essential for the development and tissue homeostasis in animals and humans. A wide range of molecules can induce RCD including a number of viral proteolytic enzymes. To date, numerous data indicate that picornaviral 3C proteases can induce RCD. In most reported cases, these proteases induce classical caspase-dependent apoptosis. In contrast, the human hepatitis A virus 3C protease (3Cpro) has recently been shown to cause caspase-independent cell death accompanied by previously undescribed features. In the current topic the results of the study where 3Cpro-induced cell death was characterized morphologically and biochemically are presented. It was found that dead cells demonstrated necrosis-like morphological changes including permeabilization of plasma membrane, loss of mitochondrial potential, as well as mitochondria and nuclei swelling. Additionally, it was shown that 3Cpro-induced cell death was efficiently blocked by ferroptosis inhibitors and was accompanied by intense lipid peroxidation. Taken together, these results indicate that 3Cpro induces ferroptosis upon its individual expression in human cells. This is the first demonstration that a proteolytic enzyme can induce ferroptosis, the recently discovered and actively studied type of RCD.
  • 789
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
3D Biometrics
Biometrics have been used to identify humans since the 19th century. Over time, these biometrics became 3D. The main reason for this was the growing need for more features in the images to create more reliable identification models. Three main categories of 3D biometrics were identified. These were face, hand and gait. The corresponding percentages for these categories were 74.07%, 20.37% and 5.56%, respectively. The face is further categorized into facial, ear, iris and skull, while the hand is divided into fingerprint, finger vein and palm. In each category, facial and fingerprint were predominant, and their respective percentages were 80% and 54.55%. The use of the 3D reconstruction algorithms was also determined. These were stereo vision, structure-from-silhouette (SfS), structure-from-motion (SfM), structured light, time-of-flight (ToF), photometric stereo and tomography. Stereo vision and SfS were the most commonly used algorithms with a combined percentage of 51%. The state of the art for each category and the available datasets are also presented. Finally, multimodal biometrics, generalization of 3D reconstruction algorithms and anti-spoofing metrics are the three areas that should attract scientific interest for further research. 
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Sep 2022
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