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Topic Review
Xylose Metabolism in Bacteria
Some wild-type and genetically modified bacteria can metabolize xylose through three different main pathways of metabolism: xylose isomerase pathway, oxidoreductase pathway, and non-phosphorylative pathway (including Weimberg and Dahms pathways). Two of the commercially interesting intermediates of these pathways are xylitol and xylonic acid, which can accumulate in the medium either through manipulation of the culture conditions or through genetic modification of the bacteria. 
  • 846
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Xylitol’s Benefits to Skin
Xylitol has been widely documented to have dental health benefits, such as reducing the risk for dental caries. In skin, xylitol has been reported to improve barrier function and suppress the growth of potential skin pathogens. 
  • 2.6K
  • 06 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Xylitol Biosynthesis in the Yeast Candida
Xylitol is an industrially important chemical due to its commercial applications. The use of xylitol as a sweetener as well as its utilization in biomedical applications has made it a high value specialty chemical.
  • 603
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
XTS-400
The XTS-400 is a multilevel secure computer operating system. It is multiuser and multitasking that uses multilevel scheduling in processing data and information. It works in networked environments and supports Gigabit Ethernet and both IPv4 and IPv6. The XTS-400 is a combination of Intel x86 hardware and the Secure Trusted Operating Program (STOP) operating system. XTS-400 was developed by BAE Systems, and originally released as version 6.0 in December 2003. STOP provides high-assurance security and was the first general-purpose operating system with a Common Criteria assurance level rating of EAL5 or above. The XTS-400 can host, and be trusted to separate, multiple, concurrent data sets, users, and networks at different sensitivity levels. The XTS-400 provides both an untrusted environment for normal work and a trusted environment for administrative work and for privileged applications. The untrusted environment is similar to traditional Unix environments. It provides binary compatibility with Linux applications running most Linux commands and tools as well as most Linux applications without the need for recompiling. This untrusted environment includes an X Window System GUI, though all windows on a screen must be at the same sensitivity level. To support the trusted environment and various security features, STOP provides a set of proprietary APIs to applications. In order to develop programs that use these proprietary APIs, a special software development environment (SDE) is needed. The SDE is also needed in order to port some complicated Linux/Unix applications to the XTS-400. A new version of the STOP operating system, STOP 7 has since been introduced, with claims to have improved performance and new features such as RBAC.
  • 353
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
XSwitch
The XSwitch is an interconnect used by the XCore processor. The interconnect protocol is defined by XMOS, and is based around routing messages comprising 9-bit tokens between cores on a network. The protocol is specifically designed for on-chip and board-level communication, but using LVDS drivers it can also run over longer cables.
  • 426
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
XR, Vision Impairments and Empathy
Across the world, an increasing number of people experience vision impairments or blindness. For people with healthy eyes, it may be difficult to discern how the world looks to a person with impaired eyesight. Medical explanations in books and articles, descriptions from patients, and 2D images of impaired vision are often insufficient to communicate the negative effects of vision impairments and to truly make someone understand how the world looks through the eyes of a visually impaired person. Relatives, employers, and even the medical providers of those impacted by eye diseases may benefit from simulations of vision impairments, to increase understanding, sympathy, and empathy. Research on digital vision-impairment simulations has increased. With the rise of emerging technologies such as extended reality (XR), simulations can now be made more realistic and immersive than ever before. This document provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in simulating vision impairments using a variety of hardware and software solutions that address different conditions and impairments. It also discusses the role of XR solutions in increasing sympathy and empathy for people with vision impairments.
  • 402
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
XPS Study Calcining Mixtures of Brucite with Titania
The X-ray stimulation photospectrometry technique known as XPS is applied to determine chemical bond characteristics of organic and inorganic substances. On the other hand, the processes of chemical substance formation can be energetically activated by various mechanisms, one of them being thermal activation. Magnesium oxide (magnesia, MgO) and titanium oxide (titania, TiO2) are substances that, due to their chemical and energetic nature, can chemically react to form other chemical compounds when subjected to relatively high temperatures. During the sintering of MgO it is feasible to use some additives such as TiO2 to improve some properties, but during the process it is possible the formation of substances that limit its final application at high temperature. This review focuses on the relatively high-temperature synthesis and characterization of compounds based on MgO:TiO2 in a 50:50 wt% ratio, using the XPS technique and supported by XRD.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
XPS Analysis of Carbon Materials
The surface chemistry of carbon materials is predominantly explored using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). However, many journal articles have critical failures in the published analysis which typically stems from an ill-informed approach to analyzing the spectroscopic data. The presented work presents a discussion on lineshapes and associated changes in the spectral envelope of predominantly graphitic materials, which together with the use of the D-parameter to verify levels of the graphitic content, using this information to highlight a simple and logical approach to strengthen confidence in the functionalization derived from the carbon core-level spectra.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
XPC Gene
XPC complex subunit, DNA damage recognition and repair factor: the XPC gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in repairing damaged DNA. 
  • 512
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
XPA Gene
XPA, DNA damage recognition and repair factor: The XPA gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in repairing damaged DNA. DNA can be damaged by ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun and by toxic chemicals, radiation, and unstable molecules called free radicals.
  • 456
  • 24 Dec 2020
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