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Topic Review
Tumor-Nerves Interactions
The interaction between neurons and a tumor are bilateral and promote metastasis on one hand, and the formation of new nerve structures (neoneurogenesis) on the other. Substances such as neurotransmitters and neurotrophins being the main actors in such interplay, it seems reasonable to expect that alternative splicing and the different populations of protein isoforms can affect tumor-derived neurogenesis. 
  • 567
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and PD-L1-Positive Cells
This review discusses two topics: (i) the prognostic impact of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and (ii) predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors, to shed light on lymphocyte migration in four solid tumors, the urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, and retroperitoneal sarcoma.
  • 617
  • 19 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Tumor-Derived Galectins
Current data indicates that anti-tumor T cell-mediated immunity correlates with a better prognosis in cancer patients. However, it has widely been demonstrated that tumor cells negatively manage immune attack by activating several immune-suppressive mechanisms.
  • 340
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Anti-Cancer Therapies
The infiltration of primary tumors and metastasis formation at distant sites strongly impact the prognosis and the quality of life of cancer patients. Current therapies including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are limited in targeting the complex cell migration mechanisms responsible for cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-enveloped particles involved in inter-tissue and inter-cell communication. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TDEVs) impact cancer cell migration. They can not only be considered as a target for cancer therapy but can also be used for the development of anti-tumor therapeutic strategies.
  • 174
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Tumor-derived exosomes in tumor-induced immune suppression
Exosomes are a class of small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles released by almost all cell types and present in all body fluids. Based on the studies of exosome content and their interactions with recipient cells, exosomes are now thought to mediate “targeted” information transfer. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) carry a cargo of molecules different from that of normal cells-derived exosomes. TEX functions to mediate distinct biological effects such as receptor discharge and intercellular cross-talk. The immune system defenses, which may initially restrict tumor progression, are progressively blunted by the broad array of TEX molecules that activate suppressive pathways in different immune cells. Herein, we provide a review of the latest research progress on TEX in the context of tumor-mediated immune suppression, and discuss the potential as well as challenges of TEX as a target of immunotherapy. 
  • 614
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Tumor-Derived Exosomes in Preparing the Pre-metastatic Niche
Tumor-derived exosomes play a multifaceted role in preparing the pre-metastatic niche, promoting cancer dissemination, and regulating cancer cell dormancy. Tumor-derived exosomes are small vesicles that are released by tumor cells and contain a variety of molecules, including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. They play a key role in cancer progression and metastasis by modulating the tumor microenvironment, promoting cancer cell survival and growth, and communicating with nearby cells. As such, these exosomes can act as vehicles for delivering pro-tumorigenic information and signals, helping to propagate cancer in the body.
  • 410
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Tumor-Derived Exosomes
Exosomes are microvesicles that can be secreted by various cells and carry a variety of contents; thus, they play multiple biological functions. For instance, the tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) have been proven to have the effect of immunostimulatory in addition to immunosuppression, making TEXs attractive in clinical immunotherapy and targeted therapy for cancer patients. In addition, TEXs as biomarkers have important clinical diagnostic and prognostic value. 
  • 440
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Tumor-Associated Trypsin Inhibitor (TATI)
TATI, also known as pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) or serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal 1 type (SPINK1), is a trypsin inhibitor that functions mainly in the pancreas, where it serves as a suppressor of premature trypsinogen activation.
  • 685
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Targeting Solid Cancers
Macrophages are effector cells of the innate immune system, which can play a crucial role in the generation of anti-tumor immunity through their ability to phagocytose cancer cells and present tumor antigens to the cells of adaptive immunity. However, the macrophages that are recruited to the tumor microenvironment predominantly play pro-tumorigenic roles. Several strategies targeting pro-tumorigenic functions and harnessing the anti-tumorigenic properties of macrophages have shown promising results in preclinical studies, and a few of them have also advanced to clinical trials. 
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary liver malignancy in the United States. Macrophages are immune cells that play a critical role in the promotion of cancer growth and configuration of the hepatic microenvironment. Studying intrahepatic macrophages is challenging because they are difficult to isolate, they transform their phenotype upon manipulation, and in vivo animal models poorly replicate the liver microenvironment. Understanding the complexity of intrahepatic macrophage populations is crucial because they coordinate antitumoral immunity. Application of novel methods that can detect immune cell phenotypes, along with their spatial co-localization in situ is critical and timely.
  • 489
  • 22 Apr 2022
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