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Biography
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
Venkatraman "Venki" Ramakrishnan (born 1952)[1] is an American and British structural biologist of Indian origin. He was elected President of the Royal Society in November 2015; Presidents serve for five years.[2] In 2009 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada Yonath, "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome".[3][4][5][6][7] Since 1999, he has wor
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Venice Charter
The Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites is a set of guidelines, drawn up in 1964 by a group of conservation professionals in Venice, that provides an international framework for the conservation and restoration of historic buildings. However, the document is now seen as outdated, representing Modernist views opposed to reconstruction. Reconstruction is now cautiously accepted by UNESCO in exceptional circumstances if it seeks to reflect a pattern of use or cultural practice that sustains cultural value, and is based on complete documentation without reliance on conjecture. The change in attitude can be marked by the reconstruction in 2015 of the Sufi mausoleums at the Timbuktu World Heritage Site in Mali after their destruction in 2012.
  • 720
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Venetoclax in the Treatment of Younger AML Patients
The combination approach based on venetoclax (VEN) with azacytidine (AZA) has significantly improved outcomes for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This innovative approach has led to higher rates of overall response, measurable residual disease (MRD)-negative remissions, and overall survival compared with AZA monotherapy. As a result, this combination has emerged as the gold-standard treatment for elderly or unfit patients with AML who are not eligible for intensive therapy. In younger, fit patients with AML, intensive induction and consolidation chemotherapy is commonly used as a first-line approach; however, relapse continues to be the main reason for treatment failure in approximately 30–40% of patients. Efforts to improve MRD-negative response rates and to facilitate the transition to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, particularly in high-risk AML, have inspired trials exploring the combination of intensive chemotherapy with targeted agents. VEN, a first-in-class anti-BCL2 agent, combined with intensive chemotherapy regimens has shown deep MRD-negative remissions, producing prolonged event-free survival and enhancing the transition to allogeneic transplant in first-complete-remission patients. These benefits support the incremental advantages of adding VEN to intensive chemotherapy approaches across ELN risk subcategories, and provides a robust benchmark to design future trials.
  • 222
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Venetoclax in Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Relapsed and/or refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents one of the most challenging scenarios in hematology, with a 5-year survival of only 10%. Venetoclax is a small molecule that acts as a potent, selective inhibitor of BCL-2. Given its satisfactory safety profile, VEN-based combinations are increasingly being investigated as a part of the therapeutic strategy for R/R AML. On the other hand, the issue of overcoming resistance is one of the most important fields to be addressed in upcoming clinical research.
  • 575
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Venetoclax Combination Therapies in Pediatric Hematological Malignancies
Venetoclax is a strongly effective B-cell lymphoma-2 inhibitor (BCL-2) with an ability to selectively restore the apoptotic potential of cancerous cells. It has been proven that in combination with immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and lower-intensity therapies such as hypomethylating agents (HMAs) or low-dose cytarabine (LDAC), the drug can improve overall outcomes for adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and multiple myeloma (MM), amongst other hematological malignancies.
  • 204
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Venetoclax and Hypomethylating Agent Combination in Myeloid Malignancies
There has been a widespread adoption of hypomethylating agents (HMA: 5-Azacytidine (5-Aza)/decitabine) and venetoclax (Ven) for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML); however, the mechanisms behind the combination’s synergy are poorly understood. Monotherapy often encounters resistance, leading to suboptimal outcomes; however, the combination of HMA and Ven has demonstrated substantial improvements in treatment responses.
  • 257
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Treatment in Cleft Palate Patients
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) are one of the most common congenital anomalies with a global prevalence of 1:700. Velopharyngeal insufficiency may occur as a result of an anatomical or structural defect and may be present in patients with cleft lip and palate. The treatment options presented in the literature are varied, covering invasive and non-invasive methods.
  • 411
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Vejjavatapada
Vejjavatapada, the Buddhist medical doctor's oath, is an oath to be taken by Buddhist doctors and other professionals working with the sick. Composed by Shravasti Dhammika using text from the Pali Canon, it serves as an ethical commitment similar to that of the Hippocratic Oath, the Japanese Seventeen Rules of Enjuin and the Jewish Oath of Asaph. The original oath is in Pāḷi, a Middle Indo-Aryan language current in north-east India during the first half of the first millennium BCE, and now the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism. The oath consists of a preamble followed by seven articles, each of them derived from four passages from the Pali Canon. (1)
  • 499
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Vehicular Trust Management Systems and Blockchain Technology
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) represents a novel generation of information and communication technology that seamlessly integrates the intra-vehicle network, inter-vehicle network, and in-vehicle mobile Internet, thus achieving a comprehensive level of connectivity and integration among vehicles, road infrastructure, individuals, and digital platforms.
  • 245
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Vehicular Routing and Intelligent Transportation Systems
Urban areas all over the world, from New York's skyscraper-filled skyline to Casablanca's busy streets, have been coping with an exponential surge in vehicle traffic in recent years. This phenomena highlights the larger socioeconomic dynamics influencing current period as well as the world's rising obsession with autos. The effects of this traffic increase are being felt most acutely in emerging powerhouses and developed countries with their advanced industries and economies that are rapidly industrializing and urbanizing. A series of difficulties have arisen as a result of the growth in vehicle traffic. Cities are now frequently congested with traffic, turning once-smooth thoroughfares into figurative parking lots during rush hours. In addition to trying commuters' patience, congestion like this has real-world economic repercussions.  The need for transportation increases logically as cities grow in population with younger citizens. What is particularly alarming, though, is the glaring inconsistency in many urban areas: while the number of automobiles increases, there is a glaring delay in improving road infrastructure and bolstering safety measures. The promise of effortless urban mobility is in danger of becoming an uncontrollable nightmare due to this imbalance.
  • 241
  • 10 Nov 2023
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