Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Analogs
The extraordinary growth in the global pharmaceutical industry has extended to include peptides, which are amino acids linked together with an amide bond. Due to their well-tolerable safety profile and specificity, therapeutic peptides offer a means to address unmet medical challenges. A well-known example of a commonly administered peptide is insulin. Peptides are considered excellent complements and, in some cases, preferable alternatives to both small molecules such as paracetamol and very large antibodies. Around 100 peptide drugs are available on the global market, with ongoing research yielding over 150 peptides in clinical development and an additional 400–600 peptides undergoing preclinical studies. Peptides play a crucial role in cancer research and treatment, and they can be involved in various aspects of cancer development, detection, and treatment. These medicines demonstrate exceptional efficacy in combating cancer, contributing to improved survival rates for cancer patients.
  • 193
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Diseases Associated with the Mother’s Curse
The mitochondrion was characterized for years as the energy factory of the cell, but now its role in many more cellular processes is recognized. The mitochondrion and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) also possess a set of distinct properties, including maternal inheritance, that creates the Mother’s Curse phenomenon. As mtDNA is inherited from females to all offspring, mutations that are harmful to males tend to accumulate more easily. The Mother’s Curse is associated with various diseases, and has a significant effect on males, in many cases even affecting their reproductive ability. Sometimes, it even leads to reproductive isolation, as in crosses between different populations, the mitochondrial genome cannot cooperate effectively with the nuclear one resulting in a mito-nuclear incompatibility and reduce the fitness of the hybrids. This phenomenon is observed both in the laboratory and in natural populations, and have the potential to influence their evolution and speciation. Therefore, it turns out that the study of mitochondria is an exciting field that finds many applications, including pest control, and it can shed light on the molecular mechanism of several diseases, improving successful diagnosis and therapeutics. Finally, mito-nuclear co-adaptation, paternal leakage, and kin selection are some mechanisms that can mitigate the impact of the Mother’s Curse. Since mitochondria play an important role in many pathways and cellular processes, they are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, and thus, the accumulation of mutations in mtDNA can have a serious impact on health and fitness, especially for males, due to its maternal inheritance. 
  • 148
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Plastic Pollution
Plastic is a word that initially meant “material that can be easily shaped, formed, molded by providing heat and pressure”. It only recently became a name for a category of materials called synthetic polymers. The polymer means “of many parts” and is a long chain of repeating smaller or larger molecules (monomers) bonded in subunits. Generally, natural polymers and synthetic polymers are used for making plastics. Synthetic polymers differ from natural polymers (such as silk, cellulose, muscle fiber, rubber, hair, and DNA). They are manufactured using raw materials such as oil, coal, and natural gas. There are two other types of plastics that do not fall into the above category of materials (natural or synthetic) and are known as biodegradable plastics and bioplastic materials. Biodegradable plastic is made from petroleum- or biomass-based resources. Bioplastic products are manufactured using biomass-based materials only. Both plastic materials are substitutes for synthetic plastic. 
  • 203
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Dental and Periodontal Tissues
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells located in different areas of the human body. The oral cavity is considered a potential source of MSCs because they have been identified in several dental tissues (D-MSCs). Clinical trials in which cells from these sources were used have shown that they are effective and safe as treatments for tissue regeneration. Importantly, immunoregulatory capacity has been observed in all of these populations. Since this property is of clinical interest for cell therapy protocols, it is relevant to analyze the differences in immunoregulatory capacity, as well as the mechanisms used by each type of MSC. Interestingly, D-MSCs are the most suitable source for regenerating mineralized tissues in the oral region. Furthermore, the clinical potential of D-MSCs is supported due to their adequate capacity for proliferation, migration, and differentiation. There is also evidence for their potential application in protocols against autoimmune diseases and other inflammatory conditions due to their immunosuppressive capacity.
  • 104
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Urban Ageing Welfare Leaking and Remedy Strategies in Macau
The world is experiencing population ageing, which will extend to the future across the world. The ageing population is sure to impact a country’s welfare policy and economy. Macau is a special administrative region (SAR) of China with a long-life expectancy and a decreasing reproduction rate, making the population ageing particularly obvious. 
  • 136
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Digital Twins Concept Integration in Livestock Farming
The potential application of the digital twins concept and its principles to all industries, including agriculture, has been the subject of considerable research interest. Since livestock farming is one of the mainstays of the agricultural industry, contributing to food security as well as employment and income generation, digital twins appear to be a promising technology to address issues related to the intensive nature of livestock production systems, which are typically characterized by high levels of input and output.
  • 130
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Technologies for Plasmon-Based Fluorescence Enhancement
Fluorescence is a widely used phenomenon in various scientific and technological fields, including biology, chemistry, medicine, and materials science. The fluorescence signal provides valuable information about molecular interactions, concentrations, and structural changes. Fluorescence exhibits numerous valuable applications, encompassing the detection of single molecules, fluorescence nanoscopy, biological labeling, and optoelectronic device functionality, among many others. Fluorescence enhancement is imperative for enhancing the sensitivity and precision of a wide range of scientific and technological applications that heavily rely on fluorescence detection. It is a crucial requirement to elevate the performance and reliability of these applications.
  • 140
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Stroke and Epilepsy
Neurology is a quickly evolving specialty that requires clinicians to make precise and prompt diagnoses and clinical decisions based on the latest evidence-based medicine practices. In all Neurology subspecialties—Stroke and Epilepsy in particular—clinical decisions affecting patient outcomes depend on neurologists accurately assessing patient disability. Artificial intelligence [AI] can predict the expected neurological impairment from an AIS [Acute Ischemic Stroke], the possibility of ICH [IntraCranial Hemorrhage] expansion, and the clinical outcomes of comatose patients.
  • 74
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Deception, Speaking and Writing
When addressing lying and deception in language production, it is imperative to acknowledge that behavioral indicators may play a role. This include evaluation of multiple distinct verbal and nonverbal behavioral indicators, such as gaze cues, pulse rate, hand movements, and manifestations of nervousness. Here, the role of cognitive load during speaking and writing, and how cognitive load due to the parallel tasks of deciding what to say/write, and how to say it while actually expressing the thought may be visible during language production is discussed. The assumption is that lying and deception would increase the cognitive load and that this will, to some extent, be observable through the behavioral indicators. 
  • 395
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
AI Agent Model for Extrinsic Emotion Regulation
Emotion regulation is the human ability to modulate one’s or other emotions to maintain emotional well-being. Despite its importance, only a few computational models have been proposed for facilitating emotion regulation. To address this gap, a computational model for intelligent agents has been proposed for facilitating emotion regulation in individuals. This model is grounded in a multidimensional emotion representation and on J. Gross’s theoretical framework of emotion regulation. In this apporach, an intelligent agent selects the most appropriate regulation strategies to reach or maintain an individual’s emotional equilibrium considering the individual’s personality traits and specific characteristics.
  • 252
  • 11 Mar 2024
  • Page
  • of
  • 5488
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback