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Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Silicon Carbide
Two-dimensional silicon carbide (2D SiC) is a single/few atomic layer of silicon carbide.   2D SiC has a graphene-like honeycomb structure consisting of alternating Si and C atoms. In the monolayer SiC, the C and Si atoms bond through  sp2 hybridization to form the SiC sheet.  As a direct wide bandgap semiconducting material, 2D SiC has the potential to bring revolutionary advances into power electronics, optoelectronic and other SiC-based devices. It can overcome current limitations with silicon, bulk SiC, and gapless graphene. In addition to SiC, which is the most stable form of monolayer silicon carbide, other compositions, i.e. SixCy, are also predicted to be energetically favorable. Depending on the stoichiometry and bonding, monolayer SixCy may behave as a semiconductor, semimetal or topological insulator. With different Si/C ratios, the emerging 2D silicon carbide materials could attain novel electronic, optical, magnetic, mechanical, and chemical properties that go beyond those of graphene, silicene, and already discovered 2D semiconducting materials.
  • 4.1K
  • 08 May 2022
Topic Review
Constraints Accounting
Constraints accounting (CA) allow some variations generally accepted accounting principles(GAAP) when reporting financial statements of company and these variations do not violate the GAAP in light of recognised CA. CA contains explicit consideration of the role of constraints in accounting and constraints relate to limitations when providing financial information. The definition of a constraint is a regulation which belongs to prescribed bounds and there are four main types of constraints which are the cost-benefit relationship, materiality, industry practices, and conservatism, and these constraints are also accounting guidelines which border the hierarchy of qualitative information.
  • 4.1K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Homologous Recombination
Homologous recombination (HR) is a fundamental evolutionarily conserved process that plays prime role(s) in genome stability maintenance through DNA repair and through the protection and resumption of arrested replication forks. HR promotes the exchange between homologous DNA sequences resulting in a novel combination of the genetic material. Therefore, HR is essential in genome stability maintenance but also plays an important role in genome diversity; such as in the case of meiosis. Many HR genes are deregulated in cancer cells. Notably, the breast cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, two important HR players, are the most frequently mutated genes in familial breast and ovarian cancer. 
  • 4.1K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Determination of Gear Mesh Stiffness
Properly designed gear geometry has a positive effect on the dynamic response of the system, which can be observed on the frequency spectrum of the investigated dynamic system. This geometry has a noticeable effect on the reduced emission of noise in around. What is manifested in the frequency spectrum of gears is mainly the effect of internal excitation caused by the mesh stiffness, which changes during the meshing and thus interferes with the course of torsional dynamic processes of the gear systems. It is therefore necessary to take into account the mesh stiffness when designing the gearbox and to incorporate its course into the dynamic equations of motion. There are various ways to visualize, simulate, and calculate the course of mesh stiffness of gearing. There are different variants of analytical calculations. One of the variants of analytical modeling is the possibility of calculating the mesh stiffness by calculating the deformation energy of individual teeth of the gear. 
  • 4.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Polanyi’s Paradox
Polanyi's paradox, named in honour of the British-Hungarian philosopher Michael Polanyi, is the theory that human knowledge of how the world functions and capability are, to a large extent, beyond our explicit understanding. The theory was articulated by Michael Polanyi in his book The Tacit Dimension in 1966, but it was economist David Autor that named it as Polanyi's paradox in his 2014 research paper on “Polanyi's Paradox and the Shape of Employment Growth”. Summarised in the slogan "We can know more than we can tell", Polanyi's paradox is mainly to explain the cognitive phenomenon that there exist many tasks which we, human beings, understand intuitively how to perform but cannot verbalize the rules or procedures behind it. This "self-ignorance" is common to many human activities, from driving a car in traffic to face recognition. As Polanyi argues, humans are relying on their tacit knowledge, which is difficult to adequately express by verbal means, when engaging these tasks. Polanyi's paradox has been widely considered a major obstacle in the fields of AI and automation, since the absence of consciously accessible knowledge creates tremendous difficulty in programming.
  • 4.1K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Transcaucasia
Transcaucasia, also known as the South Caucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. Transcaucasia roughly corresponds to modern Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, and are sometimes collectivelly known as the Caucasian States. The total area of these countries measures about 186,100 square kilometres (71,850 square miles). Transcaucasia and Ciscaucasia (North Caucasus) together comprise the larger Caucasus geographical region that divides Eurasia.
  • 4.1K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mercedes-Benz W108
The Mercedes-Benz W108 and W109 are luxury cars produced by Mercedes-Benz from 1965 through to 1972 and 1973 in North America only. The line was an update of the predecessor W111 and W112 fintail sedans. The cars were successful in West Germany and in export markets including North America and Southeast Asia. During the seven-year run, a total of 383,361 units were manufactured.
  • 4.1K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Amperometric Biosensors
Amperometric biosensors utilizing oxidoreductases were classified into three generations: 1st generation biosensors employing oxidases based on the electrocatalytic monitoring of substrate consumption or product formation, 2nd generation biosensors employing oxidases or dehydrogenases based on the electrocatalytic recycling of suitable redox mediators, and 3rd generation biosensors employing oxidoreductases capable of direct electron transfer to bare or modified electrodes.
  • 4.0K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
1G and 2G Bioethanol Production
First-generation (1G) bioethanol is one of the most used liquid biofuels in the transport industry. It is generated by using sugar- or starch-based feedstocks, while second-generation (2G) bioethanol is generated by using lignocellulosic feedstocks. Distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of first-generation bioethanol production with a current annual production of 22.6 million tons in the USA. DDGS is rich in fiber and valuable nutrients contents, which can be used to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes such as cellulases and hemicellulases for 2G bioethanol production.
  • 4.0K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Outsourcing in Supply Chain Management
Outsourcing is one of the major challenges for production firms in the current supply chain management (SCM) due to limited skilled workers and technology resources. There are too many parameters involved in the strategic decisions of the outsourcing level, quantity, quality, and cost. 
  • 4.0K
  • 27 Apr 2022
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