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Topic Review
Sustainable Transportation System
Sustainable transport has become an important element in structuring urban operations. In this context, sustainable transportation is a key factor to tackle environmental, social, and economic challenges. Eventually, the incorporation of sustainable solutions into transportation networks has grown significantly. Such growth is strictly related to globalization and urban development due to the large increase in transport needs.
  • 194
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Biomass Waste Conversion Technologies for Sustainable Environmental Development
Biomass is defined as organic matter originating from living plants that can be naturally replenished or renewed. Biomass waste can be converted into valuable resources with high efficiency and low cost, which can save money and conserve natural resources. Biomass conversion is the process of converting organic matter from biomass into usable forms of energy and high-value products.
  • 177
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Industry 4.0 Concept in Railway Transportation
Industry 4.0 is a concept applied to many different industries and enterprises to make them more intelligent, dynamic, and flexible to meet the challenges of the highly dynamic global market.
  • 447
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
‘Buildability’ in the Digital Age
Since the emergence of the concept of “buildability” in 1983, numerous studies have focused on improving project performance through buildability. Initially, the buildability discourse was based on narrow definitions and focused on aspects that could improve construction performance.
  • 599
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Classifying Invention Objectives of Electric Vehicle Chargers
This entry focuses on the crucial role of electric vehicles (EVs) in global decarbonization and sustainable development. The study employs a combination of data extraction, data cleaning, natural language processing (NLP), statistical analysis, and unsupervised machine learning (ML) to identify and visualize themes in EV charger technology.
  • 158
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Digital Twin for Heat Transition
The heat transition is a central pillar of the energy transition, aiming to decarbonize and improve the energy efficiency of the heat supply in both the private and industrial sectors. On the one hand, this is achieved by substituting fossil fuels with renewable energy. On the other hand, it involves reducing overall heat consumption and associated transmission and ventilation losses. In addition to refurbishment, digitalization contributes significantly. Despite substantial research on Digital Twins (DTs) for heat transition at different scales, a cross-scale perspective on heat optimization still needs to be developed. DTs can across various scales, from individual buildings to entire urban areas, intending to advance the transition to sustainable heating.
  • 164
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The γ” Phase in Mg-RE-TM Alloys
In magnesium–rare earth–transition metal (Mg-RE-TM) alloys, the γ” phase (with a hexagonal structure with the space group P6¯2m) is a critical strengthening phase that can significantly improve their mechanical properties. However, compared to other phases in Mg-RE-TM alloys, research on the γ” phase is less documented, and an understanding of the γ” phase is not well established
  • 220
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
AI-Based Cyber-Attack Detection and Mitigation in Microgrids
With the inclusion of communication networks and smart metering devices, the attack surface has increased in microgrids, making them vulnerable to various cyber-attacks. The negative impact of such attacks may render the microgrids out-of-service, and the attacks may propagate throughout the network due to the absence of efficient mitigation approaches. AI-based techniques are being employed to tackle such data-driven cyber-attacks due to their exceptional pattern recognition and learning capabilities. AI-based methods for cyber-attack detection and mitigation that address the cyber-attacks in microgrids are summarized. 
  • 441
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Multifaceted Carbon Dot Nanocatalysts
Some collaborative studies advocate the unique characteristics of unconventional materials, including carbon nanotubes, nanosheets, nanoparticles, conducting polymers, integrated nano polymers, nano enzymes, and zero-dimensional nanomaterials/carbon dots (CDs) at the atomic and molecular level to generate efficient energy from various biomass substrates. Nanotechnology-based catalysts are considered a crucial tool for revolutionizing various energy-related applications.
  • 150
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning Algorithms for Structural Health Monitoring
Environmental effects may lead to cracking, stiffness loss, brace damage, and other damages in bridges, frame structures, buildings, etc. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technology could prevent catastrophic events by detecting damage early. In recent years, Deep Learning (DL) has developed rapidly and has been applied to SHM to detect, localize, and evaluate diverse damages through efficient feature extraction. 
  • 193
  • 22 Nov 2023
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