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Topic Review
Seismic Design Response Factors
Despite the recent initiatives and developments in building design provisions using performance-based design, practicing engineers frequently adopt force-based design approaches, irrespective of the structural system or building irregularity. Modern seismic building codes adopt the concept of simplifying the complex nonlinear response of a structure under seismic loading to an equivalent linear response through elastic analytical procedures using seismic design response factors. Nevertheless, code-recommended seismic design response factors may not result in a cost-effective design with a uniform margin of safety for different structural systems. 
  • 248
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Vehicle Design and Technology for Reducing Fuel Consumption
In recent times, the significance of advancing road transportation technologies has notably increased. This is mainly driven by the escalating need for road transportation systems that are not only safe but also environmentally sustainable. Moreover, enhancing fuel efficiency in road vehicles (i.e., automobiles) holds the potential to contribute significantly to the reduction of a country’s economic vulnerability (i.e., improved energy security), by reducing the reliance on energy imports. 
  • 624
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Generative Pre-Trained Transformers
Leveraging natural language processing models using a large volume of text data in the construction safety domain offers a unique opportunity to improve understanding of safety accidents and the ability to learn from them.
  • 253
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Demand Response in Wastewater Treatment Plant
The transition from traditional fuel-dependent energy systems to renewable energy-based systems has been extensively embraced worldwide. Demand-side flexibility is essential to support the power grid with carbon-free generation (e.g., solar, wind.) in an intermittent nature. As extensive energy consumers, commercial and industrial (C&I) consumers can play a key role by extending their flexibility and participating in demand response. Onsite renewable generation by consumers can reduce the consumption from the grid, while energy storage systems (ESSs) can support variable generation and shift demand by storing energy for later use. Both technologies can increase the flexibility and benefit by integrating with the demand response. 
  • 186
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Exploration and Use of Lithium in Oman
Oman has huge potential for lithium exploitation and production, considering the enormous quantities of spodumene and seawater salt with high-grade lithium available, developing efficient regulations and rules to protect investors’ rights, and reducing the environmental risks associated with the production and recycling of lithium-ion batteries. 
  • 357
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Biophysical Control of the Glioblastoma Immunosuppressive Microenvironment
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common form of primary brain cancer with a dismal prognosis. Current GBM treatments have not improved patient survival, due to the propensity for tumor cell adaptation and immune evasion, leading to a persistent progression of the disease. In recent years, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been identified as a critical regulator of these pro-tumorigenic changes, providing a complex array of biomolecular and biophysical signals that facilitate evasion strategies by modulating tumor cells, stromal cells, and immune populations. Efforts to unravel these complex TME interactions are necessary to improve GBM therapy. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy that utilizes a patient’s own immune system for tumor eradication and has exhibited exciting results in many cancer types; however, the highly immunosuppressive interactions between the immune cell populations and the GBM TME continue to present challenges.
  • 214
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Forward Head Posture and Biofeedback
Forward Head Posture (FHP) is when the head leans forward due to factors such as heavy backpacks or poor computer ergonomics. FHP can lead to neck strain and discomfort as well as potential long-term issues such as arthritis. Treatment options include specialized exercises, orthopedic devices, manual therapy, physical exercises, and visual feedback techniques, along with guidance from specialists in physical medicine and rehabilitation. In this study, a visual feedback-based approach was used to address FHP in female students. 
  • 252
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Operation Optimization of Complex Industrial Processes
The operation optimization of complex industrial processes is a dynamic multi-objective optimization problem. These problems cover industrial areas such as steel, chemicals, and energy. Specifically, they address operation optimization problems under uncertain environments in production processes, with production metrics as the optimization objectives and controllable variables as the decision variables. They consider changing factors in production processes, operational metrics, and constraints on production metrics, establishing dynamic models for solving these problems. Unlike static models, these objectives and constraints change over time, similar to how the Pareto set (PS) and Pareto front (PF) in dynamic multi-objective optimization problems (DMOPs) can change over time. 
  • 184
  • 28 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Digital Twin Definitions and Categories
During the course of its rapid expansion into various fields of application, many definitions of the Digital Twin emerged, tailored to its respective applications. Taxonomies can cluster the diversity and define application-specific archetypes. 
  • 153
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Bioethanol Processing
The liquid biofuel bioethanol is extensively produced worldwide through the fermentation of sugars obtained from various raw materials, including lignocellulosic biomass, an abundant renewable resource. Due to its recalcitrant nature, lignocellulosic materials typically is pretreated using mechanical, chemical, physicochemical, or biological methods to enhance sugar recovery. The pretreated lignocellulosic biomass then undergoes a fermentation process, either sequentially or simultaneously with saccharification, resulting in the biofuel called second-generation ethanol. The ethanol yield is influenced by various fermentation strategies and conditions, such as inoculum concentration, medium agitation, temperature, and pH.
  • 118
  • 26 Jan 2024
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