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Topic Review
Fresh Fruit Bunch Ripeness Evaluation Methods
There are two types of methods to analyse the ripeness of fresh fruit bunches (FFBs), destructive methods and nondestructive methods. The destructive methods require physical contact in ways that affect the integrity of the FFBs and severely reduce the amount of oil that can be extracted from the tested FFBs. Meanwhile, the nondestructive techniques can involve noncontact features that are either visual or nonvisual. Nonvisual methods include using physicochemical, electrical, magnetic, and electromagnetic properties to determine fruit maturity such as fluorescence sensor, microwave sensor, inductive sensor, and thermal sensor. However, most nondestructive methods are visual, in which the selected sensor can evaluate through the morphology, colour, and other physical characteristics of the fruit to identify their maturity stages through the analysis of specific modalities such as colour vision, light detection and ranging, spectral image, and near-infrared spectroscopy.
  • 539
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Fresh Fruit Supply Chain Optimization
The fresh fruit chain has been recognized as a very important and strategic part of the economic development of many countries. The planning framework for production and distribution is highly complex as a result. Mathematical models have been developed over the decades to deal with this complexity. This review focuses on the recent progress in mathematically based decision making to account for uncertainties in the fresh fruit supply chain
  • 5.1K
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Fretting Corrosion at Microgrooved Taper of Hip Implants
Fretting corrosion at the head–neck interface of modular hip implants entails regional inflammation and adverse local tissue reactions. Surface topography is one key factor which can influence the severity of this damage mechanism. The methodologies together with the assumptions and main findings from both the experimental and numerical studies are presented to evaluate the performance of the microgrooved junctions using two criteria as: stability and integrity; wear, corrosion, and material loss. Current research needs and possible future research directions for the microgrooved junctions are then identified and presented.
  • 616
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Friction Behavior of Rough Surfaces on Contact Mechanics
Contact and friction are closely related to the engineering industry, especially in the technologies associated with rolling bearing, wheel–rail control, head–disk interaction and so on. Therefore, which factors are related to the contact mechanical properties of solid surface and how to design and control the interface friction coefficient are hot issues in scientific research and engineering practice. In fact, the contact behavior and friction properties are closely related to the microstructure of the contact surface. Based on the accurate characterizations of the surface topography, the corresponding research can start from the local contact model, investigating the contact and friction relationships of each contact asperity of the rough surface, and finally accurately predicting the contact relationships and friction performances of the interfaces. 
  • 612
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Friction Challenge in Hydraulic Fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing has become one of the most popular techniques for exploring sustainable energy sources. However, friction is associated with the entire fracturing process, presenting significant challenges for development. 
  • 865
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Friction Dissipative Beam-to-Column Connections for MRFs
The use of friction-based beam-to-column connections (BCCs) for earthquake-resistant moment-resistant frames (MRFs), aimed at eliminating damage to beam end sections due to the development of plastic hinges, has been prevalent since the early 1980s. Different technical solutions have been proposed for steel structures, and some have been designed for timber structures, while a few recent studies concern friction joints employed in reinforced concrete structures. Research aimed at characterizing the behavior of joints has focused on the evaluation of the tribological properties of the friction materials, coefficient of friction, shape and stability of the hysteresis cycles, influence of the temperature, speed of load application, effects of the application method, stability of preload, the influence of seismic excitation characteristics on the structural response, statistical characterization of amplitude, and frequency of the slip excursion during seismic excitation. Studies aimed at identifying the design parameters capable of optimizing performance have focused attention mainly on the slip threshold, device stiffness, and deformation capacity. 
  • 358
  • 27 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Friction Spot Stir Welding
In the last decade, the friction stir welding of polymers has been increasingly investigated by the means of more and more sophisticated approaches. Since the early studies, which were aimed at proving the feasibility of the process for polymers and identifying suitable processing windows, great improvements have been achieved. This owes to the increasing care of academic researchers and industrial demands. These improvements have their roots in the promising results from pioneer studies; however, they are also the fruits of the adoption of more comprehensive approaches and the multidisciplinary analyses of results. The introduction of instrumented machines has enabled the online measurement of processing loads and temperature, and critical understanding of the principal aspects affecting the material flow and welds quality. Such improvements are also clearly demonstrated by the increase of the strength of recent joints (up to 99% of joining efficiency) as compared to those reached in early researches (almost 47%). This article provides a comprehensive review of the recent progresses on the process fundamentals, quality assessment and the influence of process parameters on the mechanical behavior. In addition, emphasis is given to new developments and future perspectives.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing is a key component of the fourth industrial revolution (IR4.0) that has received increased attention over the last three decades. Metal additive manufacturing is broadly classified into two types: melting-based additive manufacturing and solid-state additive manufacturing. Friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM) is a subset of solid-state additive manufacturing that produces big area multi-layered components through plate addition fashion using the friction stir welding (FSW) concept.
  • 754
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Friction Stir Processing
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a material processing technique developed in 1999 derived from friction stir welding (FSW). Developed by Mishra et al., this process utilizes localized plastic deformation by rotating a specialized pin through the working piece. 
  • 3.0K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Friction Stir Welding
Friction stir welding is a method of materials processing that enables the joining of similar and dissimilar materials. The process, as originally designed by The Welding Institute (TWI), provides a unique approach to manufacturing—where materials can be joined in many designs and still retain mechanical properties that are similar to, or greater than, other forms of welding. This process is not free of defects that can alter, limit, and occasionally render the resulting weld unusable. 
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Dec 2021
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