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Topic Review
Commercial and Scientific Solutions for Blood Glucose Monitoring
Diabetes is a chronic and, according to the state of the art, an incurable disease. Therefore, to treat diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial since it is mandatory to mitigate the risk and incidence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Nowadays, it is common to use blood glucose meters or continuous glucose monitoring via stinging the skin, which is classified as invasive monitoring. In recent decades, non-invasive monitoring has been regarded as a dominant research field. Overall, the scientific approaches show a comparable accuracy in the Clarke error grid to that of the commercial ones. However, they are in different stages of development and, therefore, need improvement regarding parameter optimization, temperature dependency, or testing with blood under real conditions. Moreover, the size of scientific sensing solutions must be further reduced for a wearable monitoring system.
  • 637
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Commercial Complex Atrium Roof with Resilient Ventilation
Carbon-neutral architectural design focuses on rationally utilizing the building’s surroundings to reduce its environmental impact. Resilient ventilation systems, developed according to the thermal comfort requirements of building energy-saving research, have few applications.
  • 190
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Commercial Crew Development
Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) is a human spaceflight development program that is funded by the U.S. government and administered by NASA. CCDev will result in US and international astronauts flying to the International Space Station (ISS) on privately operated crew vehicles. Operational contracts to fly astronauts were awarded in September 2014 to SpaceX and Boeing. An uncrewed test flight was performed by each company in 2019. Space-X's Crew Dragon Demo-1 flight of Dragon 2 arrived at the International Space Station in March 2019 and returned via splashdown in the Atlantic Ocean. Due to a Mission Elapsed Time anomaly, the Boeing Orbital Flight Test of the CST-100 spacecraft failed to reach the station in December 2019, but completed some test objectives and performed a safe airbag landing in the New Mexico desert two days after launch. Pending completion of the demonstration flights, each company is contracted to supply six flights to ISS between 2019 and 2024. The first group of astronauts was announced on 3 August 2018.
  • 627
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Commercial Development in Carnot Battery Technology
Carnot batteries are a quickly developing group of technologies for medium and long duration electricity storage. It covers a large range of concepts which share processes of a conversion of power to heat, thermal energy storage (i.e., storing thermal exergy) and in times of need conversion of the heat back to (electric) power.
  • 696
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Commercialization of Electric Vehicles
Electric Vehicles (EVs) are a promising alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles as the city is transitioning to clean energy.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Common Techniques for Biolubricant Production
Lubricants can be classified according to their physical state as solid, liquid, or semi-fluid (greases). The former is used when it is difficult to maintain contact with the fluid, while the latter is used in situations where liquid lubricants are not applicable. According to the UNE-EN 16807 standard, the term “bio” is considered synonymous with good for the environment. Its use in lubricants is linked to its environmental properties; therefore, it is expected that all compounds called bio-lubricants will degrade in the environment. 
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Communication Signal Delay and the Power Grid
In the electricity grid, communication delays arise at a number of stages, which include signal transmission from phasor measurement units (PMUs) to management centers, from management centers to controllers, analog-to-digital conversion, computing on overall entry adjustable, and phase synchronization of alerts through the Global Positioning System (GPS). Such delays will have an effect on controllers and device performance.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Communication-Based Control Strategies for Parallel Inverters
The communication-based control methods require a power management platform or supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) operation. These control methods are employed to provide power-sharing and voltage control, and their main advantage is eliminating the requirement for a secondary controller. The supervisory control receives information from all inverters and tries to maintain a balance in power-sharing between the inverters. 
  • 906
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Communication-based Train Control(CBTC) System
Nowadays, the communication-based train control(CBTC) system is commonly used in the urban rail transit system all over the world, and the CBTC systems currently operating worldwide are the "Products" of advances in Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence. 
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Communications of UAS Traffic Management
A UAS traffic management (UTM) system requires that each UAV be able to see and be seen; therefore, the communication channel becomes crucial. In the last five years, state-of-the-art research has focused on three types of communication: ADS-B, ADS-B-like communication, and Remote ID. ADS-B is the legacy system currently used in manned flights and has been mandatory since 2020. Similarly, the ADS-B-like system works similarly to ADS-B but uses different types of wireless communication technology such as 4G, XBee, and APRS (automatic packet reporting system). However, Remote ID is a new standard established, based on Bluetooth/Wi-Fi technology that fulfills the requirement for current UTM operations. The communications in UTM can be categorized into ADS-B, Remote ID, and ADS-B-like systems. The information presented here consist of definition, data format, technology, and research application.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Mar 2022
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