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Topic Review
Characteristic of Droplet Transfer Behavior
With the synergistic effect of laser and arc heat sources, laser-arc hybrid welding (LAHW) technology can improve welding speed and penetration depth, and enhance gap-bridging ability. LAHW technology is an advanced welding method, which has been applied widely and successfully. Laser-arc hybrid welding combines laser and arc heat sources, acting together on the same location of the workpiece, and a laser beam and arc are simultaneously superimposed on a common interaction zone. It uses the advantages of the laser and arc energy effectively. It is a novel and efficient welding method, and one of the study directions for welding technology all over the world. In arc welding, due to the dispersion of the arc energy distribution, the actual energy involved in material melting is low. The guiding role of the laser on the arc enhances the melting efficiency of the arc. In laser welding, the absorption rate of laser energy by molten metal is higher than that of solid metal, and the preheating effect of the arc on the molten pool also enhances material absorption efficiency effectively. Therefore, the absorption and conversion rate of a hybrid heat source are better than those of single heat source. In comparison to traditional welding methods, the primary advantages of LAHW are high welding speed and penetration, good bridging performance, low assembly accuracy, and process stability, so it is widely used and studied.
  • 423
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Characteristic of Heat Storage in Building Elements
The main factors determining the efficiency of heat storage systems are their cost, the efficiency of their heat storage and distribution, and, indirectly, their environmental impact. The important factors determining the efficiency of the heat accumulator are enthalpy of the phase change, heat transferability, chemical neutrality, low flammability, and low toxicity.
  • 320
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics and Hazards of Lead–Zinc Tailings
Lead–zinc tailings are the typical solid wastes in mines with high yield and low utilization rates in some countries. They are mainly stockpiled in tailings reservoirs, occupying massive land resources and threatening the health of the environment. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics and Models of Viscoelastic Materials
Viscous and viscoelastic (VE) dampers have been extensively used for the seismic response control in buildings. Such devices are exploited with good results in newly erected structures and also in retrofit projects.
  • 772
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics of Battery Energy Storage Systems
With increasing concerns about climate change, there is a transition from high-carbon-emitting fuels to green energy resources in various applications including household, commercial, transportation, and electric grid applications. Even though renewable energy resources are receiving traction for being carbon-neutral, their availability is intermittent. To address this issue to achieve extensive application, the integration of energy storage systems in conjunction with these resources is becoming a recommended practice. Additionally, in the transportation sector, the increased demand for electric vehicles (EVs) requires the development of energy storage systems that can deliver energy for rigorous driving cycles, with lithium-ion-based batteries emerging as the superior choice for energy storage due to their high power and energy densities, length of their life cycle, low self-discharge rates, and reasonable cost. As a result, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are becoming a primary energy storage system. 
  • 657
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Characteristics of Contemporary Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty Endoprostheses
The goals of hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) are restoring joint anatomy, biomechanics, and function while prolonging the life of a patient with endoprosthesis by preserving bone stock for easy further possible revision arthroplasty in the form of traditional total hip arthroplasty. Over decades of its history, the designs of HRA endoprostheses have undergone a variety of technological innovations in terms of evolution in materials and fixation techniques, which often resulted in promising outcomes and the extension of implant survival. 
  • 305
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Characteristics, Impacts and Trends of Urban Transportation
Economic growth, urban development and the prosperity of the automobile industry have driven a huge shift in global urban transportation from walking to public transportation and then to automobiles. Private mobility has become an important part of residents’ daily trips. Cities, especially automobile-dependent cities, face a variety of negative impacts such as increased commuting distances, higher congestion costs, traffic accidents, traffic pollution including climate change, etc. Therefore, how to balance the relationship between people’s growing demand for private motorization with the development of urbanization, modernization and motorization and the huge economic, social and environmental costs brought about by them, so as to realize the sustainable development of cities and transportation, is the main problem facing cities around the world. The entry focuses on trends in the sustainable development of urban transportation such as restrictions in private car ownership and use, electrification of urban transportation, intelligent transportation systems (including shared mobility, customized buses and Mobility as a Service/MaaS) and transit-oriented development (TOD). China, as the largest global automobile producer and consumer, represents and leads the growth and evolution of other emerging countries.
  • 2.4K
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Food
Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as 3D printing, is a fabrication technology that has raised interest in many areas. It is a manufacturing process that builds up complex solid (or semi-solid) forms by means of a layer-by-layer process. 
  • 794
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Characterization Specifications for FRP Pultruded Materials
Pultruded FRP composites have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional materials like concrete, steel, and timber, especially in corrosive environmental conditions. However, the unique properties of these composites necessitate careful consideration during their implementation, as they differ significantly from conventional materials. Proper testing and characterization of FRP pultruded materials is key for their efficient and safe implementation. However, the existing specifications are not unified, resulting in ambiguity among stakeholders. 
  • 255
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Characterization Technique for Exosomes
Exosomes distributed by extracellular vesicles carry various information highly consistent with cells, becoming a new type of biomarker for tumor screening. However, although conventional characterization technologies can quantify size and morphology for exosomes, they are limited in related fields such as function tracing, protein quantification at unit point, and microstructural information.
  • 280
  • 08 Mar 2024
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