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Topic Review
Fused Deposition Modelling of Thermoplastic-Based Filaments
The fused deposition modeling (FDM) process, an extrusion-based 3D printing technology, enables the manufacture of complex geometrical elements. This technology employs diverse materials, including thermoplastic polymers and composites as well as recycled resins to encourage sustainable growth. FDM is used in a variety of industrial fields, including automotive, biomedical, and textiles, as a rapid prototyping method to reduce costs and shorten production time, or to develop items with detailed designs and high precision. 
  • 251
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Effect of LEO Environment on Composite Materials
Space weather in terms of low earth orbits has been characterized into seven main elements, namely microgravity, residual atmosphere, high vacuum, atomic oxygen, ultraviolet and ionization radiation, solar radiation, and space debris. Each element effects on polymers and composite materials. Quantification of these effects can be evaluated by understanding the mechanisms of material degradation caused by each environmental factor along with its synergetic effect. Hence, the design elements to mitigate the material degradation can be identified. Finally, a cause-and-effect diagram (Ishikawa diagram) is designed to characterize the important design elements required to investigate while choosing a material for a satellite’s structure. This will help the designers to develop experimental methodologies to test the composite material for its suitability against the space environment. Some available testing facilities will be discussed. Some potential polymers will also be suggested for further evaluation.
  • 211
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Environmentally Friendly Smart Construction
Modern economic, social and environmental challenges require a new type of construction that ensures resilience, low construction costs and ease of maintenance. Material production, manufacturing of structural elements and final assembly should minimise the environmental impacts, such as greenhouse emissions and waste production. 
  • 120
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Composite Cold Spray for Coated Bores
The tribological performance of a thermal sprayed, mirror-like surface with localized protuberances was investigated through tribotests and computational simulation. A composite coating with a 410L steel matrix and M2 tool steel hard particles was applied by the cold spray process as a bore coating for combustion engines. The presence of protuberances promoted the quick formation of an antifriction tribofilm when tested with an SAE 0W-16 containing ZDDP and MoDTC, which significantly reduced the asperity friction in comparison to the conventional engine coated bores in reciprocating tribological tests.
  • 307
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Multimodal Biometric Identification System
In the past two decades, many physical and behavioral biometric modalities have been under extensive research, such as fingerprints, palm prints, palms/Finger Textures, faces, irises, voice, gait and signature. All these modalities are vulnerable to presentation spoof attacks; hence, the level of provided security is compromised. Fingerprint- and palm-print-based biometric systems may be deceived by using gelatin or clay-made artificial fingerprint surfaces or images. Biometric systems using faces as a biometric modality may be attacked by using photographs, 3-D face models and recorded short clips. Iris-based biometric systems may encounter spoof attacks by employing iris images taken from enrolled users. Voice- and gait-based biometric systems may be attacked by feeding prerecorded audio and video to the recognition system, respectively. 
  • 181
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Energy Consumption Problems in Autonomous Systems
Autonomous systems are a rapidly developing research field that may revolutionize many industries and applications in transportation, manufacturing, healthcare, and agriculture. They offer the potential to boost effectiveness, to lower expenses, and to enhance safety. Autonomous systems incorporate sensors, software, and artificial intelligence algorithms to perceive their environment, make decisions, and take actions. However, one of the main challenges autonomous systems face is energy consumption. These systems require significant energy to power their sensors, processors, and other components. This is especially true for autonomous systems designed for mobility autonomous systems, such as autonomous vehicles (AVs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
  • 253
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Electrical Oil Wear Debris Detection Sensors
In the field of marine engineering, the friction and wear experienced by rotating mechanisms are recognized as significant contributors to the failure of marine machinery. In order to enhance the safety and dependability of marine ship operations, the implementation of on-line oil wear debris particle detection sensors enables the on-line monitoring of oil and facilitates the rapid identification of abnormal wear locations.
  • 132
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Advances and Concerns Related to Electric Vehicles
Human operators’ presence for periodic maintenance is required in all transportation infrastructures; while providing a sustainable solution with Electric Vehicles (EVs) network, each vehicle needs servicing to maintain its robustness. Parts, such as reactive components from converter units, namely electrolytic capacitors, require periodic replacement. Other components, such as microcontroller PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards), are prone to EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) decay and data loss. As fossil fuel is mainly used in generating energy and biosphere degradation remains a concern due to terrain expansion, wireless energy transfer could be an immediate solution for substituting the current transportation infrastructure for a robust and renewable solution. When migrating an entire transportation infrastructure to wireless energy transmission, periodic maintenance of energy transmitters, for example, orbital space stations, would be necessary. This requires the operator’s presence, and health becomes important in maintaining the robustness of this hypothetical sustainable transportation infrastructure. Multiple health concerns are related to the effect of conversion units, typically used in electric vehicles and other hybrid and modern combustion engine means of transportation. These units cover both wire-based and wireless energy transmission. As covered in further sections, several already implemented features of vehicles could negatively impact the operator’s health because such features are mainly based on wireless energy transfer, while other functionalities cause EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) perturbation.
  • 171
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sectors of the Glass Industry
The glass industry is highly diverse, both in terms of products and production processes, making articles ranging from artistic handmade glass goblets to large flat glass plates for the construction and automotive sectors. 
  • 337
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Performance and Efficiency of Cross-Flow Fans
Cross-Flow Fans (CFFs) have been widely applied in the automotive and domestic air conditioning industries in recent decades. They are high-pressure coefficient turbomachines compacted diametrically, and thus, the complex interactions of these fans require thorough evaluation. Their innovation has opened up new directions in turbomachinery, and both academic research and industry have seen numerous efforts to develop these types of fans. Despite extensive work, optimizing and improving their performance remains a challenge. Enhancing their efficiency necessitates improvements in structural characteristics, aerodynamic features, and acoustic properties.
  • 212
  • 19 Dec 2023
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