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Topic Review Video
Classification of Energy Storage Technologies
The intensive exploitation and usage of fossil fuels has led to serious environmental consequences, including soil, water, and air pollution and climate changes, and it has compromised the natural resources available for future generations. In this context, identifying new energy storage technologies can be considered a sustainable solution to these problems, with potential long-term effects.
  • 205
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Heterogeneous Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Methanation
CO2 methanation offers a promising route for converting CO2 into valuable chemicals and energy fuels at the same time as hydrogen is stored in methane, so the development of suitable catalysts is crucial. Among the noble metal-based catalysts (Ru, Rh, and Pd), Ru-based catalysts show the best catalytic performance. In the non-noble metal catalysts, Ni-based catalysts are the best among Ni-, Co-, and Fe-based catalysts. The factors predominantly affecting catalytic performance are the dispersion of the active metal; the synergy of the active metal with support; and the addition of dopants. 
  • 180
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Biodiesel Production from Animal Fats Versus Vegetable Oils
Biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acids alkyl esters shows properties, which make it a feasible substitute for fossil diesel. Biodiesel can be produced using different processes and different raw materials. The most common, first generation, biodiesel is produced by methanolysis of vegetable oils using basic or acid homogeneous catalysts. The use of vegetable oils for biodiesel production raises serious questions about biodiesel sustainability. Used cooking oils and animal fats can replace the vegetable oils in biodiesel production thus allowing to produce a more sustainable biofuel. 
  • 601
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Selective Laser Melting and Spark Plasma Sintering Combination
Achieving lightweight, high-strength, and biocompatible composites is a crucial objective in the field of tissue engineering. Intricate porous metallic structures, such as lattices, scaffolds, or triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs), created via the selective laser melting (SLM) technique, are utilized as load-bearing matrices for filled ceramics. The primary metal alloys in this category are titanium-based Ti6Al4V and iron-based 316L, which can have either a uniform cell or a gradient structure. Well-known ceramics used in biomaterial applications include titanium dioxide (TiO2), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), hydroxyapatite (HA), wollastonite (W), and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). To fill the structures fabricated by SLM, an appropriate ceramic is employed through the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method, making them suitable for in vitro or in vivo applications following minor post-processing. The combined SLM-SPS approach offers advantages, such as rapid design and prototyping, as well as assured densification and consolidation, although challenges persist in terms of large-scale structure and molding design. The individual or combined application of SLM and SPS processes can be implemented based on the specific requirements for fabricated sample size, shape complexity, densification, and mass productivity.
  • 134
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Autonomous Wheelchair Navigation
As automated driving system (ADS) technology is adopted in wheelchairs, clarity on the vehicle’s imminent path becomes essential for both users and pedestrians. For users, understanding the imminent path helps mitigate anxiety and facilitates real-time adjustments. For pedestrians, this insight aids in predicting their next move when near the wheelchair.
  • 198
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Revolutionising the 4D BIM Process in Modular Construction
Given the heightened importance of revolutionising 4D BIM-based construction scheduling in modular construction, it has become vital to explore how 4D-BIM could be integrated with the lean concept. Lean-integrated 4D BIM in modular construction have different considerations when compared with component/object-based scheduling. A lean-integrated 4D BIM process model was developed from the analysis and it was validated using an interactive workshop with eight participants from two UK construction companies and two modular construction manufacturers. 
  • 129
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Applied to Variable Renewable Energy Systems
The development directions of artificial intelligence (AI) for variable renewable energy (VRE) are of paramount importance in navigating the challenges and optimizing the utilization of renewable energy sources. As the global energy landscape undergoes a transformative shift towards increased reliance on VRE, AI offers strategic avenues to enhance the efficiency, dependability, and eco-sustainability of these systems. The integration of AI methodologies in VRE management addresses complexities related to data quality, model transparency, and system optimization. The burgeoning digitalization of energy supplies, coupled with the dynamic nature of VRE, necessitates innovative solutions to harness the full potential of renewable sources. AI has the potential to contribute significantly to overcoming inherent challenges, not only paving the way for improved energy forecasting, distribution, and system control but also through fostering a more sustainable and resilient energy paradigm in line with the demands of a rapidly evolving global climate and energy landscape.
  • 245
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Drowning Behaviour and Signs
Drowning poses a significant threat, resulting in unexpected injuries and fatalities. To promote water sports activities, it is crucial to develop surveillance systems that enhance safety around pools and waterways. 
  • 184
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Indoor Electronic Travel Aid for Visually Impaired Individuals
Most navigation aids for visually impaired individuals require users to pay close attention and actively understand the instructions or feedback of guidance, which impose considerable cognitive loads in long-term usage. The “Aerial Guide Dog”, a helium balloon aerostat drone designed for indoor guidance, which leverages gentle tugs in real time for directional guidance, ensuring a seamless and intuitive guiding experience. The introduced Aerial Guide Dog has been evaluated in terms of directional guidance and path following in the pilot study, focusing on assessing its accuracy in orientation and the overall performance in navigation.
  • 155
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Byproduct Oxygen for Green Hydrogen Electrolysis
Water electrolysis for hydrogen production with renewable electricity is regularly studied. The inclusion of byproduct electrolytic oxygen capture and sale is of interest for parallel decarbonisation efforts elsewhere in the industry and could contribute to reducing green hydrogen costs. A deterministic hydrogen electrolysis system model is constructed to compare oxygen inclusion/exclusion scenarios. This uses wind and solar-PV electricity generation timeseries, a power-dependent electrolysis model to determine the energy efficiency of gas yield, and power allocation for gas post-processing energy within each hourly timestep. This maintains a fully renewable (and therefore low/zero carbon) electricity source for electrolysis and gas post-processing. The model is validated (excluding oxygen) against an existing low-cost GW-scale solar-hydrogen production scenario and an existing hydrogen production costs study with offshore wind generation at the multi-MW scale. For both comparisons, oxygen inclusion is then evaluated to demonstrate both the benefits and drawbacks of capture and utilisation, for different scenario conditions, and high parameter sensitivity can be seen regarding the price of renewable electricity.
  • 384
  • 18 Jan 2024
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