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Topic Review
Cr-free High-Temperature Water-Gas Shift Catalysts
Replacement of toxic Cr in the industrial Fe-oxide based High-Temperature Water-Gas Shift (HT-WGS) catalysts has been the focus of intense research in the past decades. In the current manuscript, we examine the promotion effect of Ca, Ni, Co and Ge as possible Cr substituents, and Ca and Ni are found to improve catalysts performance relative to Cr promotion. The current study, besides finding two promising Cr substitutes (Ca and Ni) for the HT-WGS reaction catalyst, also emphasizes on the qualities a promoter must possess to become a suitable substitution of Cr. The remarkable performance of Ca and Ni promoters are related to their ability to stabilize the surface area of the respective catalysts by making partial or complete solid solution with the bulk Fe-oxide phase and by promoting highly redox Cu0-FeOx interfacial sites on the catalyst surface. The poorer performance exhibited by Co and Ge promoters is related to the lack of their ability to promote the highly active Cu0-FeOx interfacial sites along with inability of Co to stabilize the surface area. All the promoters follow a redox type mechanism for the HT-WGS reaction.
  • 927
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation
 Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a promising technology for solidifying sandy soil, ground improvement, repairing concrete cracks, and remediation of polluted land. By solidifying sand into soil capable of growing shrubs, MICP can facilitate peak and neutralization of CO2 emissions because each square meter of shrub can absorb 253.1 grams of CO2 per year.
  • 927
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Liquid Crystal Waveguide Structures
Liquid crystal materials can be used to make either a core, in which light beams can be confined, or a cladding of optical waveguides.
  • 926
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Mobile Phone Tracking
Mobile phone tracking is a process for identifying the location of a mobile phone, whether stationary or moving. Localization may be effected by a number of technologies, such as using multilateration of radio signals between (several) cell towers of the network and the phone, or simply using GPS. To locate a mobile phone using multilateration of radio signals, it must emit at least the idle signal to contact the next nearby antenna tower, but the process does not require an active call. The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is based on the phone's signal strength to nearby antenna masts. Mobile positioning may include location-based services that disclose the actual coordinates of a mobile phone, which is a technology used by telecommunication companies to approximate the location of a mobile phone, and thereby also its user.
  • 925
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Plasan Sand Cat
The SandCat (Hebrew: פלסן קרקל‎) is a composite armored vehicle designed by the then Plasan Sasa (now Plasan) of Israel. The SandCat, which is presented as a single bi-capitalized word, was shown publicly for the first time at AUSA during October 2005. The latest models were shown for the first time at Eurosatory 2018. The SandCat is based on a commercial Ford F-Series chassis. Approximately 700 SandCats have been produced since 2004, and while Plasan has never released complete details, these are known to be in service with at least 16 users across five continents, and in a wide variety of roles that range from Police/internal security to combat/patrol.
  • 926
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Integrated HBIM Framework for Management of Heritage Buildings
Heritage buildings are subject to severe damage due to their exposure to dynamics such as environmental changes, earthquakes, structural loads and so on, thus needing a proper maintenance and management system. However, during the restoration, maintenance, and management process, heritage building practitioners face numerous challenges, such as inefficient project management, financial loss, and project delay. These problems arise due to a lack of digital documentation and updated information management systems. Heritage building management still uses traditional management techniques where heritage information is managed using multiple format systems by different professionals, thus missing collaboration, information integration, and interoperability. Building information modeling (BIM) is presented here as a supporting tool to address these issues.
  • 925
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Available Drinking Water Treatment Technologies
Water is one of the main sources of life’s survival. It is mandatory to have good-quality water, especially for drinking. Many types of available filtration treatment can produce high-quality drinking water. In general, the treatment technologies for treating water depend on the type of raw intake water that comes from various water sources, such as surface water and groundwater. Membrane filtration is an advanced drinking water treatment that is widely used nowadays in water treatment processes, mainly for drinking water. 
  • 925
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Time Domain CMOS Temperature Sensor
Temperature sensors is based on the sensory device (CMOS, BJT or resistor) and the measured signal type (voltage, current, frequency, delay time, phase shift or bandwidth), they can be implemented in various ways. By defining the temperature estimation function X(T) as the ratio of two quantities chosen from tREF, t(T), fREF and f(T), a time domain temperature sensor can be implemented based on one among 12 types of operational principles.
  • 925
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Development of the Cogeneration Sector in Spain
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) has been identified by the EU as a powerful resource capable of making substantial contributions to energy savings and reducing GHG emissions. Spain’s effort to promote CHP has been prolific since the 1980s. In this regard, there have been various Laws, Royal Decrees (RDs) and European Union (EU) Directives addressed to reach the national objectives set for the CHP sector. Despite these attempts, the evolution and growth of installed CHP capacity has been irregular, compared to other technologies. Likewise, the academic treatment of the Spanish CHP evolution has not deserved the same attention as other technologies such as wind, photovoltaic and thermal solar systems. As a result, this article is aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the regulatory frameworks applied to the Spanish CHP sector and analysing the reasons behind the variable evolution of the installed CHP capacity.
  • 925
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
For hybrid electric vehicles, supercapacitors are an attractive technology which, when used in conjunction with the batteries as a hybrid system, could solve the shortcomings of the battery. Supercapacitors would allow hybrid electric vehicles to achieve high efficiency and better power control. Supercapacitors possess very good power density. Besides this, their charge-discharge cycling stability and comparatively reasonable cost make them an incredible energy-storing device. The manufacturing strategy and the major parts like electrodes, current collector, binder, separator, and electrolyte define the performance of a supercapacitor. Among these, electrode materials play an important role when it comes to the performance of supercapacitors. They resolve the charge storage in the device and thus decide the capacitance. 
  • 924
  • 20 Jan 2022
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