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Topic Review
Electrical Transcription
Electrical transcriptions are special phonograph recordings made exclusively for radio broadcasting, which were widely used during the 'Golden Age of Radio', wherein, they provided material—from station-identification jingles and commercials to full-length programs—for use by local stations, affiliates of one of the radio networks. Physically, electrical transcriptions look much like long-playing records that were popular for decades. They differ from consumer-oriented recordings, however, in that they were "distributed to radio stations for the purpose of broadcast, and not for sale to the public.... The ET had higher quality audio than was available on consumer records" largely because they had less surface noise than commercial recordings,
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Blockchain Technology
The blockchain is a new technology targeted at storing and managing sensitive data, where pieces ('blocks') of information are entered in a dedicated system by independent users and linked by cryptographic keys (forming the 'chain'). The particularities of a blockchain system are enhanced data security through encryption, anonymization, and immutability; decentralization through peer-to-peer operation, and transparency through open access. The main applications of blockchain are cryptocurrency mining, smart trading and contracts, secure information transfer.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Combat History of the T-26
Though nearly obsolete by the beginning of World War II, the T-26 was the most important tank of the Spanish Civil War and played a significant role during the Battle of Lake Khasan in 1938 as well as in the Winter War. The T-26 was the most numerous tank in the Red Army's armoured force during the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. The Soviet T-26 light tanks last saw combat in August 1945, in Manchuria. The T-26 was used extensively in the armies of Spain, China and Turkey. In addition, captured T-26 light tanks were used by the Finnish, German, Romanian and Hungarian armies.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
CMOS Amplifiers
CMOS amplifiers are ubiquitous analog circuits which are used in computers, audio systems, smart phones, cameras, telecommunication systems, biomedical circuits and many other systems, and their performance has great impact on the overall specifications of the systems. They take their name from the use of MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) as opposite to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT). MOSFETS are simpler to fabricate and therefore less expensive than BJT amplifiers, still providing a sufficiently high transconductance to allow the design of very high performance circuits. In high performance CMOS amplifier circuits, transistors are not only used to amplify the signal but are also used as active loads to achieve higher gain and output swing in comparison with resistive loads. CMOS technology had been primarily introduced to design digital circuits. In the last decades, in order to improve speed, power consumption, required area and other aspects of digital integrated circuits (ICs), the feature size of MOSFET transistors has shrunk (minimum channel length of transistors reduces in newer CMOS technologies). This phenomenon predicted by Gordon Moore in 1975, which is called Moore’s law, and states that in about each 2 years, the number of transistors doubles for the same silicon area of ICs. Progress in memory circuits design is an interesting example to see how process advancement have affected the required size and their performance in the last decades. In 1956, a 5MB Hard Disk Drive (HDD) weighted over a tone, while these days having 50000 times more capacity with a weight of several tens of grams is very common. While digital ICs have enormously benefited from the feature size shrinking, analog CMOS amplifiers have not gained corresponding advantages due to the intrinsic limitations imposed by an analog design, like the intrinsic gain reduction of short channel transistors which affects the overall gain of amplifier. Novel techniques to achieve higher gain also create new problems, like stability of amplifier for closed-loop applications. In the following, we will address both aspects and summarize few different methods to overcome these problems.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Concrete Reinforced with Sisal Fibers
Concrete is a commonly used building material; however, it is subject to abrupt failure and limited energy absorption when yielding. The use of short discrete fibers has displayed a lot of potential in overcoming these issues. Sisal is a natural fiber that is renewable, inexpensive, and readily accessible. SSF is a potential reinforcement for use in concrete because of its cheap cost, low density, high specific strength and modulus, negligible health risk, easy accessibility in certain states, and renewability. 
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Instrument Mechanic
Instrument mechanics in engineering are tradesmen who specialize in installing, troubleshooting, and repairing instrumentation, automation and control systems. The term "Instrument Mechanic" came about because it was a combination of light mechanical and specialised instrumentation skills. The term is still is used in certain industries; predominantly in industrial process control.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Solar-Powered Plant Protection Equipment
Solar photovoltaic (PV) devices present a positive approach to sustainable crop production by reducing crop loss in various ways. This might result in the extensive use of PV devices in the near future. PV-based plant protection equipment/devices are primarily utilized in protecting crops from birds, weeds, or insects. The utilization of PV systems for different applications constitutes a new era in agriculture, horticulture, and forest sectors. A PV system is a potential alternative, offering more opportunities in operating different types of electricity-based agricultural equipment. The development of devices with simple construction/operation for plant protection may work well on small-scale farms.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
DME Synthesis from CO2 and Renewable Hydrogen
Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) is a viable solution to valorise the CO2 captured from industrial plants’ flue gas, thus avoiding emitting it and synthesizing products with high added value. The first step in a CCU process is the capturing of CO2 through well-known technologies, such as oxyfuel combustion, pre-combustion or post-combustion, or as a direct-air capture process. Post-combustion carbon capture can be achieved by physical or chemical separation methods, such as membranes, adsorption, absorption and cryogenic processes. After having captured and concentrated the CO2, it can be fed to a chemical reactor for its conversion into products, such as syngas, urea, methane, ethanol, formic acid, etc.
  • 1.4K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
According to the Society of Automotive Engineers, a hybrid vehicle can be defined as that vehicle with two or more energy storage systems which must provide power to the propellant system either together or independently. Similarly, the heavy duty hybrid vehicles group indicates that a hybrid vehicle must have at least two energy storage systems and energy converters. In practice, a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) combines the great autonomy of conventional vehicles with spark ignition engines, compression ignition engines, fuel cells and solar panels with the speed, performance and environmental advantages of electric vehicles, obtaining an automobile with lower fossil fuel consumption and lower pollutant emissions to the atmosphere.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Machine Learning-Based Fusion Model
The launch of GRACE satellites has provided a new avenue for studying the terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSA) with unprecedented accuracy. However, the coarse spatial resolution greatly limits its application in hydrology researches on local scales. To overcome this limitation, this study develops a machine learning-based fusion model to obtain high-resolution (0.25°) groundwater level anomalies (GWLA) by integrating GRACE observations in the North China Plain. 
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Mar 2021
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