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Topic Review
Liquid Crystal Waveguide Structures
Liquid crystal materials can be used to make either a core, in which light beams can be confined, or a cladding of optical waveguides.
  • 926
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Application of Optical Fibers in Temperature Monitoring
The current generation is witnessing a huge interest in optical waveguides due to their salient features: they are of low cost, immune to electromagnetic interference, easy to multiplex, have a compact size, etc. These features of optical fibers make them a useful tool for various sensing applications including in medicine, automotives, biotechnology, food quality control, aerospace, physical and chemical monitoring. Among all the reported applications, optical wave guides have been widely exploited to measure the physical and chemical variations in the surrounding environment. Optical fiber-based temperature sensors have played a crucial role in this decade to detect high fever and tackle COVID-19-like pandemics. Recognizing the major developments in the field of optical fibers, this entry provides recent progress in temperature sensors utilizing several sensing configurations including conventional fiber, photonic crystal fiber, and Bragg grating fibers. Additionally, this entry also highlights the advantages, limitations, and future possibilities in this area.
  • 925
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cr-free High-Temperature Water-Gas Shift Catalysts
Replacement of toxic Cr in the industrial Fe-oxide based High-Temperature Water-Gas Shift (HT-WGS) catalysts has been the focus of intense research in the past decades. In the current manuscript, we examine the promotion effect of Ca, Ni, Co and Ge as possible Cr substituents, and Ca and Ni are found to improve catalysts performance relative to Cr promotion. The current study, besides finding two promising Cr substitutes (Ca and Ni) for the HT-WGS reaction catalyst, also emphasizes on the qualities a promoter must possess to become a suitable substitution of Cr. The remarkable performance of Ca and Ni promoters are related to their ability to stabilize the surface area of the respective catalysts by making partial or complete solid solution with the bulk Fe-oxide phase and by promoting highly redox Cu0-FeOx interfacial sites on the catalyst surface. The poorer performance exhibited by Co and Ge promoters is related to the lack of their ability to promote the highly active Cu0-FeOx interfacial sites along with inability of Co to stabilize the surface area. All the promoters follow a redox type mechanism for the HT-WGS reaction.
  • 925
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
The Smart Grid
The smart grid is enabling the collection of massive amounts of high-dimensional and multi-type data about the electric power grid operations, by integrating advanced metering infrastructure, control technologies, and communication technologies.
  • 925
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Fluidic Thrust Vectoring in Jet Engine Nozzles
Thrust vectoring innovations are demonstrated ideas that improve the projection of aerospace power with enhanced maneuverability, control effectiveness, survivability, performance, and stealth. Thrust vector control systems following a variety of concepts have been considered for modern aircraft and missiles to enhance their military performance. Short Take-off and Landing (STOL) and control effectiveness at lower aircraft speeds can be achieved by employing Fluidic Thrust Vectoring Control (FTVC).
  • 924
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation
 Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a promising technology for solidifying sandy soil, ground improvement, repairing concrete cracks, and remediation of polluted land. By solidifying sand into soil capable of growing shrubs, MICP can facilitate peak and neutralization of CO2 emissions because each square meter of shrub can absorb 253.1 grams of CO2 per year.
  • 924
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Polysaccharides in Agro-Industrial Biomass Residues
The use of waste biomass to produce biopolymers and nutricosmetic or pharmacological materials is increasing, although still scarcely compared to its great potential, employment, and valorization. Organic waste biomass is a great source of natural polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitin, hyaluronic acid, inulin, and pectin. Biomass from the agricultural sectors is a relevant part of waste generation and commonly comprises leaves, roots, stalks, bark, bagasse, seeds, straw, wood, animal parts, crustacean shells, and others. Polysaccharides are the most abundant biological materials on the planet. This natural abundance contributes to the discovery of their novel applications. Their industrial use is still very modest considering their versatility and great potential, although it has recently seen significant increases.
  • 924
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Plasan Sand Cat
The SandCat (Hebrew: פלסן קרקל‎) is a composite armored vehicle designed by the then Plasan Sasa (now Plasan) of Israel. The SandCat, which is presented as a single bi-capitalized word, was shown publicly for the first time at AUSA during October 2005. The latest models were shown for the first time at Eurosatory 2018. The SandCat is based on a commercial Ford F-Series chassis. Approximately 700 SandCats have been produced since 2004, and while Plasan has never released complete details, these are known to be in service with at least 16 users across five continents, and in a wide variety of roles that range from Police/internal security to combat/patrol.
  • 924
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
The interest in research on up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors is growing. Although the state of research on UASB is to be considered advanced, there are still several points that will be developed in future research such as the consolidation of the results obtained on a semi-industrial or real scale, the use of real matrices instead of synthetic ones.
  • 924
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
High-Pressure Die Casting Processing Parameters and Die Design
High-pressure die casting (HPDC) is often used to manufacture lightweight structures for automobiles and aeroplanes due to its high productivity and cast dimensional accuracy. The process is characterised by the high-speed injection of molten metal into a sealed mould cavity, followed by solidification under hydrostatic pressures of 30–100 MPa.
  • 924
  • 24 Oct 2022
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