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Topic Review
Lithium-Ion Batteries-Energy Storage
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are a good energy storage solution for plug-in electric vehicles. However, the performance and health of these batteries is highly dependent on the use case, including operating temperature, power consumption profile, and control strategy (heavy forced alternating charge–discharge modes) imposed by the battery management system.
  • 953
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Thermally Conductive Adhesive in Electronic Packaging
The application of epoxy adhesive is widespread in electronic packaging. Epoxy adhesives can be integrated with various types of nanoparticles for enhancing thermal conductivity. The joints with thermally conductive adhesive (TCA) are preferred for research and advances in thermal management. The rapid advancement of microelectronic technology has resulted in the progressive transformation of electronic components from isolated to highly integrated. It produces a lot of heat while they are functioning. The materials and structures used to attach the semiconductor chip to other electronic components involve the sector of electronic packaging. Conductive adhesives represent a significant advancement in electronic packaging for advanced devices, where effective heat dissipation and enough electrical conductivity are critical. The TCA joint is a crucial choice for the thermal management of the device. The advances in TCA are essential because of future demands for inexpensive and handy electronic devices. The adhesive applications have become more important due to their remarkable versatility and unparalleled compatibility. The electronic industry has indeed developed, especially in consumer electronics, which depends on conductive adhesives. It would not be possible to identify the most modern electronic devices without conductive adhesives.
  • 953
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Double-Tube Heat Exchanger Performance
The double-tube heat exchanger is one of the most common designs of heat exchangers used in commercial and industrial applications. It is the simplest and one in which hot and cold fluids move in same or opposite directions. Various methods are presented to improve a double-tube heat exchanger.  
  • 953
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Electroencephalography
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a noninvasive, safe, and relatively convenient technique to record brain activities, which allows quantitative methods to detect changes and patterns of EEG signals related to DOC. The best feature of EEG data is neural oscillations. From the perspective of biophysics, EEGs are extracellular currents that reflect the total dendritic postsynaptic potentials in millions of parallel pyramidal cells.
  • 953
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Damages in Hydraulic Turbines
Failure can be defined as any change in a machinery part or component that results in its inability to execute its intended function satisfactorily. Machines are the core of every production line. Failure of the equipment carries a huge cost, which is not limited to wasting money and time on directly repairing equipment, but also includes the cost of unused equipment and the cost of lost unemployment benefits. Kaplan turbines, as one of the well-known hydraulic turbines, are generally utilized worldwide for low-head and high-flow conditions. Any failure in each of the turbine components can result in long-term downtime and high repair costs.
  • 952
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
External Human–Machine Interface of AVs
In future urban traffic, it is more likely that automated vehicles (AVs) will operate not in separated traffic spaces but in so-called mixed traffic environments where different types of traffic participants interact. Therefore, AVs must be able to communicate with other traffic participants, e.g., pedestrians as vulnerable road users (VRUs), to solve ambiguous traffic situations. Taking current traffic communication patterns into account, a combination of implicit communication via the driving behavior (e.g., deceleration, position in lane) and explicit communication via an external Human–Machine Interface (eHMI) seems to be a promising approach. The eHMI consists of an external interface connected to the vehicle, which can transmit explicit signals enabling interaction between AVs and other TPs.
  • 952
  • 15 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Mathematics Models in Reverse Osmosis Evaluation Processes
An effective alternative for water purification is reverse osmosis (RO). Laboratory-scale RO modeling is widely applied worldwide, and allows the evaluation of the behavior of the system to find the most convenient operating variables to be applied in future industrial scale-ups. Statistical models provide a wide range of information that allows a statistical prediction of the operation of the plant, and allows people to obtain efficiency indices in its development; these are useful in the planning, operation and monitoring process in RO plants. The mathematical models describe the physical behavior of the membrane and allow the identification of optimal operating conditions, taking into account economic aspects, guaranteeing a greater implementation of RO technology in developing countries which have problems with water contaminated with toxic heavy metals. A comparative method is proposed to establish the advantages and selection criteria to apply the different models in IO.
  • 952
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Blood-Plasma Self-Separation in Self-Driven Microfluidics
Blood plasma is the most commonly used biofluid in disease diagnostic and biomedical analysis due to it contains various biomarkers. The majority of the blood plasma separation is still handled with centrifugation, which is off-chip and time-consuming. Therefore, in the Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) field, an effective microfluidic blood plasma separation platform attracts researchers’ attention globally. Blood plasma self-separation technologies are usually divided into two categories: active self-separation and passive self-separation. Passive self-separation technologies, in contrast with active self-separation, only rely on microchannel geometry, microfluidic phenomena and hydrodynamic forces. Passive self-separation devices are driven by the capillary flow, which is generated due to the characteristics of the surface of the channel and its interaction with the fluid. Comparing to the active plasma separation techniques, passive plasma separation methods are more considered in the microfluidic platform, owing to their ease of fabrication, portable, user-friendly features.
  • 951
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Actuators for Implantable Devices
The choice of actuators dictates how an implantable biomedical device moves. Specifically, the concept of implantable robots consists of the three pillars: actuators, sensors, and powering. Robotic devices that require active motion are driven by a biocompatible actuator. Depending on the actuating mechanism, different types of actuators vary remarkably in strain/stress output, frequency, power consumption, and durability. Most reviews to date focus on specific type of actuating mechanism (electric, photonic, electrothermal, etc.) for biomedical applications. With a rapidly expanding library of novel actuators, however, the granular boundaries between subcategories turns the selection of actuators a laborious task, which can be particularly time-consuming to those unfamiliar with actuation. 
  • 951
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
ML-Based LIB Fault Diagnosis
Fault detection/diagnosis has become a crucial function of the battery management system (BMS) due to the increasing application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in highly sophisticated and high-power applications to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the system. 
  • 951
  • 16 Dec 2021
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