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Topic Review
Six-Gear Roadmap towards Smart Factory
The fourth industrial revolution is the transformation of manufacturing into smart manufacturing. Advanced industrial digital technologies that make the trend Industry 4.0 are considered as the transforming force that will enable this transformation. However, these technologies need to be connected, integrated and used effectively to create value and to provide insights for data driven manufacturing. Smart manufacturing is a journey and requires a roadmap to guide manufacturing organizations for its adoption. The proposed roadmap is a simple holistic management strategy for an Industry 4.0 implementation journey. It serves as a strategic practical tool for rapid adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. It bridges the gap between the advanced technologies and their application in manufacturing industry, especially for SMEs.
  • 4.3K
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Google Home
Google Home is a line of smart speakers developed by Google under the Google Nest brand. The devices enable users to speak voice commands to interact with services through Google Assistant, the company's virtual assistant. Both in-house and third-party services are integrated, allowing users to listen to music, control playback of videos or photos, or receive news updates entirely by voice. Google Nest devices also have integrated support for home automation, letting users control smart home appliances with their voice command. The first device, Google Home, was released in the United States in November 2016; subsequent product releases occurred globally from 2017–2019. Through software updates to Google Nest devices and Google Assistant, additional functionality has been added over time. For example, multiple speakers can be set up for synchronized playback of music. An update in April 2017 brought multi-user support, allowing the device to distinguish between up to six people by voice. In May 2017, Google announced multiple updates, including: hands-free phone calling at no cost in Canada and the United States; proactive reminders ahead of scheduled events; visual responses on mobile devices or Chromecast-enabled televisions; Bluetooth audio streaming; and the ability to add reminders and calendar appointments. The original Google Home speaker released in November 2016 featured a cylindrical shape with colored status LEDs on top. In October 2017, Google announced two additions to the product lineup, the miniature puck-shaped Google Home Mini and a larger Google Home Max. In October 2018, the company released the Google Home Hub, a smart speaker with a 7-inch touchscreen. In May 2019, Google announced that Google Home devices would be rebranded under the Google Nest banner and unveiled a larger smart display called the Google Nest Hub Max.
  • 4.3K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Possessions of Muhammad
The possessions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad are a group of his items and possessions such as weapons, animals and others known with unique names. There is doubt about the attribution of these possessions to Muhammad, as many of them were lost during wars and tribulations. The scholar Ahmed Taymour says - after listing the remnants attributed to Muhammad in Constantinople (later Istanbul): "It is no secret that some of these remnants are likely to be true. However, we did not see any of the trustworthy people who mentioned it with proof or denial, for Allah (God), Glory be to Him, who knows about it best, and some of them cannot conceal what the idea or notion that stumbles on of suspicion and disputes it in doubts." The emir Ahmad Ibn Tulun mentioned in his book “Mufākahat al-Khullān fī Hawādith Az-Zamān”, in the incidents of the year 19 AH (640 CE) and 900 AH (1500 CE) that some claimed that they had a mug and some crutches of Muhammad and that “it was found that they are not of the possessions of the Prophet Muhammad, but rather they are the fragments of Al-Layth ibn Sa'd." The scholar Al-Suyuti said, on the authority of Muhammad (his garment): "This (the possessions) was used by the caliphs to inherit it and put it on their shoulders in processions sitting and riding, and it was on the able-bodied when he was killed and contaminated with blood, and I think it was lost in the temptation of the Tatars, for we belong to Allah (God) and to Him we shall return."
  • 4.3K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Composite Structures
Common types of engineering materials include metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Among these, composite materials are often a better alternative for traditional materials, such as metals, ceramics, and polymers due to their light weight, corrosion resistance, high strength and stiffness, ability to withstand high temperatures, and simple manufacturing process. Composite structures are used in a range of different industries from aerospace, marine, aviation, transport, and sports/leisure to civil engineering. For example, advanced composite materials have been used in different structures regarding the above industries, such as rotor blades, aircraft main body, and wing skins.
  • 4.3K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces Thermal Hydraulic Effects
Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) are a kind of periodic implicit surface with zero mean curvature, that is, the surfaces that locally minimize surface area for a given boundary. The TPMS is composed of infinite, non-self-intersecting, periodic surfaces in three principal directions. The TPMS networks as repeated lattice structures have attracted much research interest because they have shown better mechanical performance, mass transfer, and thermal conductivity than conventional and strut-based structures, which have been employed in different disciplines. With excellent performances in the TPMS architectures, current works have investigated the TPMS structures to utilize in a wide range of applications.
  • 4.2K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mass Transfer in Packed-Bed Columns
This review provides a thorough analysis of the most famous mass transfer models for random and structured packed-bed columns used in absorption/stripping and distillation processes, providing an overview of the equations to calculate the mass transfer parameters, i.e.: gas-side coefficient per unit surface ky [kmol·m-2·s-1], liquid-side coefficient per unit surface kx [kmol·m-2·s-1], interfacial packing area ae [m2·m-3], which constitute the ingredients to assess the mass transfer rate of packed-bed columns. This work also provides the ranges of model validity and applicability together with their main pros and cons and the criticalities behind these models, which mostly rely on the assessment of fluid-dynamics parameters such as liquid film thickness, liquid hold-up and interfacial area, or the real liquid paths or any mal-distributions flow. 
  • 4.2K
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Electrochemical Energy Storage/Conversion System
Electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems such as electrochemical capacitors, batteries and fuel cells are considered as the most important technologies proposing environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions to address rapidly growing global energy demands and environmental concerns. Their commercial applications individually or in combination of two or more devices are based on their distinguishing properties e.g., energy/power densities, cyclability and efficiencies.
  • 4.2K
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Pole Weapon
A pole weapon or pole arm is a close combat weapon in which the main fighting part of the weapon is fitted to the end of a long shaft, typically of wood, thereby extending the user's effective range and striking power. Pole weapons are predominantly melee weapons, with a subclass of spear-like designs fit for both thrusting and throwing. Because many pole weapons were adapted from agricultural implements or other fairly abundant tools, and contained relatively little metal, they were cheap to make and readily available. When warfare would break out and the belligerents had a poorer class who could not pay for dedicated military weapons, leaders would often appropriate tools as cheap weapons. The cost of training was comparatively minimal, since these conscripted farmers had spent most of their lives using these "weapons" in the fields. This made polearms the favored weapon of peasant levies and peasant rebellions the world over. Pole arms can be divided into three broad categories: those designed for extended reach and thrusting tactics used in pike square or phalanx combat; those designed to increase leverage (thanks to hands moving freely on a pole) to maximize centrifugal force against cavalry; and those designed for throwing tactics used in skirmish line combat. Because their versatility, high effectiveness and cheap cost, polearms experimentation led to many variants and were the most frequently used weapons on the battlefield: bills, picks, dane axes, spears, glaives, guandaos, pudaos, poleaxes, halberds, harpoons, sovnyas, tridents, naginatas, bardiches, war scythes, and lances are all varieties of pole arms. Pole arms were common weapons on post-classical battlefields of Asia and Europe. Their range and impact force made them effective weapons against armored warriors on horseback, because they could be dismounted and/or penetrate said armor. The Renaissance saw a plethora of varieties. Pole arms in modern times are largely constrained to ceremonial military units such as the Papal Swiss Guard or Yeomen of the Guard, or traditional martial arts. Chinese martial arts in particular have preserved a wide variety of weapons and techniques.
  • 4.2K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Kraft Lignin
After cellulose, lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer worldwide. Lignins are non-toxic and renewable, and hence may play an essential role during the change-over from a fossil-based to a bio-based economy. Lignin isolation from Kraft cooking is state of the art, the three state of the art processes are summarized and discussed, further the concept of sequerntial liquid lignin recovery is introduced.
  • 4.2K
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
Examination of Apollo Moon Photographs
The examination of Apollo Moon photographs is an endeavour undertaken by certain people engaged in the debate as to the merits of Moon landing conspiracy theories, despite the abundance of third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings. A number of allegations and refutations with a variable degree of notability are put forward due to this examination.
  • 4.2K
  • 02 Dec 2022
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