Encyclopedia
Scholarly Community
Encyclopedia
Entry
Journal
Book
Video
Image
News
About
Entry
Entry
Video
Image
Log in/Sign up
Submit
Entry
Video
Image
Subject:
All Disciplines
Arts & Humanities
Biology & Life Sciences
Business & Economics
Chemistry & Materials Science
Computer Science & Mathematics
Engineering
Environmental & Earth Sciences
Medicine & Pharmacology
Physical Sciences
Public Health & Healthcare
Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest
Latest
Alphabetical (A-Z)
Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All
Topic Review
Biography
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes
Oxidative stress is a critical factor in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes and its associated complications. The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the body’s antioxidant defence mechanisms leads to cellular damage and dysfunction. In diabetes, chronic hyperglycaemia and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to increased ROS production, further exacerbating oxidative stress. This oxidative burden adversely affects various aspects of diabetes, including impaired beta-cell function and insulin resistance, leading to disrupted glucose regulation. Additionally, oxidative stress-induced damage to blood vessels and impaired endothelial function contribute to the development of diabetic vascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, organs and tissues throughout the body, including the kidneys, nerves, and eyes, are vulnerable to oxidative stress, resulting in diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Strategies to mitigate oxidative stress in diabetes include antioxidant therapy, lifestyle modifications, and effective management of hyperglycaemia
217
18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Dynamic Forces and Kinematic Indicators of Kicks
In the realm of fighting activities, such as martial arts, combat sports, and close combat, participants dedicate themselves to enhancing their strength and speed and refining their techniques to overcome opponents or break solid targets. Biomechanical tools have proven instrumental in investigating and improving the techniques employed in these sports and combat activities, with researchers utilizing dynamic and kinematic indicators for thorough analyses.
285
03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Glycaemic Index and Substrate Metabolism in Athletes
Nutrition has a decisive influence on athletic performance. However, it is not only the nutrient intake during exercise that is important, but the daily diet must also be adapted to the requirements of physical activity in order to optimally promote training adaptations. The targeted modification of macronutrient intake is a common method of influencing substrate metabolism, fuel selection, and performance.
225
18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Conceptualization and Implementation of Proposed On-Water Rowing System
In competitive rowing, the finish time of a typical 2000 m race is governed by many factors during the course. These influencing factors are broadly known as rowing kinetics. They refer to biomechanical parameters concerned with the movement of the athlete’s body and the reaction of the boat equipment (oars, seat) to such input. The rapid advancements in multi-sensor technologies and data processing techniques opened widely the road for the development of specialized monitoring systems to fulfill the requirements for numerous applications.
192
14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Metabolomics
Metabolomics is a combined set of strategies to identify and quantify cellular metabolites using advanced analytical tools. This is typically achieved through the use of liquid or gas chromatography, which allows for the detection of individual metabolites through their specific mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and their fragmentation in a mass spectrometer. By matching detected metabolites against databases of known metabolites, it is possible to identify the specific metabolites altered by exercise in a biological sample.
248
19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sports Performance and Breathing Rate
Breathing is a natural and necessary process for humans. At the same time, the respiratory pace and frequency can vary so much, depending on the status of the subject. Specifically, in sports, breathing can have the effect of limiting performance from a physiological point of view, or, on the other hand, breathing can regulate the psychological status of the athletes.
249
23 May 2023
Topic Review
Lactate-Guided Threshold Interval Training
A novel training model based on lactate-guided threshold interval training (LGTIT) within a high-volume, low-intensity approach, which characterizes the training pattern in some world-class middle- and long-distance runners was proposed. This training model consists of performing three to four LGTIT sessions and one VO2max intensity session weekly. In addition, low intensity running is performed up to an overall volume of 150–180 km/week. During LGTIT sessions, the training pace is dictated by a blood lactate concentration target (i.e., internal rather than external training load), typically ranging from 2 to 4.5 mmol·L−1, measured every one to three repetitions. That intensity may allow for a more rapid recovery through a lower central and peripheral fatigue between high-intensity sessions compared with that of greater intensities and, therefore, a greater weekly volume of these specific workouts.
473
22 May 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Photobiomodulation in Sports Performance
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a non-thermal treatment that uses sources of non-ionizing light, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers and broad spectrum light in the visible to infrared portion of the spectrum. The use of PBM triggers reactions photophysically and photochemically in various tissues in the human body by interacting with chromophores.
207
15 May 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Effects of Nitric Oxide on Cartilage
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small gaseous molecule that is widely distributed in the human body, and its synthesis is dependent on NO synthase (NOS). NO plays an important role in various physiological processes such as the regulation of blood volume and nerve conduction.
451
27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Physiology of the Endocannabinoid System
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in various processes, including brain plasticity, learning and memory, neuronal development, nociception, inflammation, appetite regulation, digestion, metabolism, energy balance, motility, and regulation of stress and emotions.
744
10 Feb 2023
Page
of
10
Featured Entry Collections
>>
Featured Books
>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Chief Editor:
Michael McAleer
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Chief Editor:
Stephen Bustin
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Chief Editor:
Luis V. Lopez-Llorca
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Chief Editor:
Sandro Serpa
Entry
Journal
Book
Video
Image
News
About
Log in/Sign up
New Entry
New Video
New Images
About
Terms and Conditions
Privacy Policy
Advisory Board
Contact
Partner
Feedback
Top
Feedback
×
Help Center
Browse our user manual, common Q&A, author guidelines, etc.
Rate your experience
Let us know your experience and what we could improve.
Report an error
Is something wrong? Please let us know!
Other feedback
Other feedback you would like to report.
×
Did you find what you were looking for?
Love
Like
Neutral
Dislike
Hate
0
/500
Email
Do you agree to share your valuable feedback publicly on
Encyclopedia
’s homepage?
Yes, I agree. Encyclopedia can post it.
No, I do not agree. I would not like to post my testimonial.
Webpage
Upload a screenshot
(Max file size 2MB)
Submit
Back
Close
×