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Topic Review
Pharmacogenomics Variability of Lipid-Lowering Therapies
The exponential expansion of genomic data coupled with the lack of appropriate clinical categorization of the variants is posing a major challenge to conventional medications for many common and rare diseases. To narrow this gap and achieve the goals of personalized medicine, a collaborative effort should be made to characterize the genomic variants functionally and clinically with a massive global genomic sequencing of “healthy” subjects from several ethnicities. Familial-based clustered diseases with homogenous genetic backgrounds are amongst the most beneficial tools to help address this challenge
  • 395
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Pharmacogenetics of Antidepressants
Pharmacotherapy for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, has been characterized by significant inter-individual variability in drug response and the development of side effects. Pharmacogenetics, as a key part of personalized medicine, aims to optimize therapy according to a patient’s individual genetic signature by targeting genetic variations involved in pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic processes. Pharmacokinetic variability refers to variations in a drug’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, whereas pharmacodynamic variability results from variable interactions of an active drug with its target molecules.
  • 241
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Pharmacogenetics in Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important global public health problem due to its high prevalence and morbidity. Although the treatment of nephrology patients has changed considerably, ineffectiveness and side effects of medications represent a major issue. Pharmacogenetics could fill this gap.
  • 507
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Pharmacogenetic Testing
Pharmacogenomics is a study of how the genome background is associated with drug resistance and how therapy strategy can be modified for a certain person to achieve benefit. The pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing becomes of great opportunity for physicians to make the proper decision regarding each non-trivial patient that does not respond to therapy. Although pharmacogenomics has become of growing interest to the healthcare market during the past five to ten years the exact mechanisms linking the genetic polymorphisms and observable responses to drug therapy are not always clear. Therefore, the success of PGx testing depends on the physician’s ability to understand the obtained results in a standardized way for each particular patient. The review aims to lead the reader through the general conception of PGx and related issues of PGx testing efficiency, personal data security, and health safety at a current clinical level.
  • 559
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Pharmacists and Medication Regimen Complexity
Medication regimen complexity (MRC) may influence health outcomes, such as hospitalisation, hospital readmission and medication adherence. Pharmacists have been referred to as health professionals with the opportunity to act on MRC reduction.
  • 344
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Pharmaceutical Properties of Gabapentin
Gabapentin (GBP) is a common name for 1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acid (C9H17NO2, CAS Registry No. 60142-96-3), a GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) derivative and a popular active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). It has a molecular weight of 171.34 and two pKa values of 3.68 and 10.70.
  • 82
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Pharmaceutical Importance of Broccoli
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) belongs to the Brassicaceae family and has more divided and stalked leaves. It has gained considerable attention due to its remarkable nutritional composition and numerous health benefits. The pharmaceutical importance of broccoli is widely known as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, immunomodulator, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-amnesic.
  • 252
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Pharmaceutical Hydrates Analysis
This entry discusses a set of instrumental and computational methods that are used to characterize hydrated forms of APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients). The focus has been put on highlighting advantages as well as on presenting some limitations of the selected analytical approaches. This has been performed in order to facilitate the choice of an appropriate method depending on the type of the structural feature that is to be analyzed, that is, degree of hydration, crystal structure and dynamics, and (de)hydration kinetics. The presented techniques include X-ray diffraction (single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD)), spectroscopic (solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ssNMR), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)), gravimetric (dynamic vapour sorption (DVS)), and computational (molecular mechanics (MM), Quantum Mechanics (QM), molecular dynamics (MD)) methods. Further, the successful applications of the presented methods in the studies of hydrated APIs as well as studies on the excipients’ influence on these processes have been described in many examples.
  • 2.4K
  • 19 Oct 2020
Topic Review
PH-Sensitive Cubosome Liquid Crystalline Nanocarriers
Cubosomes are soft biocontinuous nanoparticles whose 3D geometry can be engineered to render the structures responsive to pH variations, which is of large interest to the production of efficient drug delivery materials. We have reviewed the literature to provide a state of the art in this regard and shed lights on prominent perspectives and strategies for pH-sensitive cubosomes development, taking advantage of the pH changes of the biological media at targeted application sites.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
pH-Responsive Vaccine Delivery System in Cancer Vaccines Formulation
Cancer vaccination as an immunotherapy to increase the immune system’s anti-tumor immunity has been extensively studied.  Extracellular and intracellular pH measurements reveal that the endocytic spaces of DCs have a somewhat acidic pH. While being surrounded by endosomal structures, proteases are more quickly destroyed as a consequence of antigen import by endocytosis and the consequent acidification of the lysosome. Low endosomal pH is a suitable internal signal for pH-responsive vaccine delivery techniques for regulating antigen production. Reacting to changes in pH, this intracellular distribution may be achieved by using acid-catalyzed disintegration, particle phase shift, and the “proton sponge effect”. When it comes to the administration of cancer vaccines, pH-responsive biomaterials have attracted the greatest attention.
  • 242
  • 14 Aug 2023
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